Reza Akhavan; Zahra Meshkat; Mehrangiz Khajekaramadini; Mojtaba Meshkat
Volume 8, Issue 2 , April 2013, , Pages 73-80
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis is one of the greatest health problems in Iran. The distribution of the disease is not equal in all parts of the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples referred to an academic ...
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Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis is one of the greatest health problems in Iran. The distribution of the disease is not equal in all parts of the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples referred to an academic hospital in an 8 year period.
Materials and Methods: The samples from different wards of Qaem Hospital, Mashhad and samples referred to Outpatient Clinic during the years 2001-2008 and 75 samples from the prison in the same period were analyzed with direct microscopy of smear and culture methods for M. tuberculosis. Basic descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS 11.5 software.
Results: A total 26817 samples were analyzed and the results showed that the frequency of Mycobacterium positive samples in hospitalized patients' samples was 2412 (9%) with microscopy and 1573 (6%) with culture method. In the outpatients, it was 897 (10.2%) and 417 (4.7%) with microscopy and culture methods, respectively. Form 75 samples from the prison, 9 (12%) were positive with microscopy method. Culture method yielded only one (1.3%) positive result in these samples.
Conclusion: The frequency of M. tuberculosis was relatively high in the study groups. Therefore it seems continues surveillance is essential to monitor the M. tuberculosis in hospitals and community.
Volume 9, Issue 2 , April 2014, , Pages 81-88
Abstract
Error is an inevitable part of life and cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be minimized. A root cause analysis is a technique for understanding the systematic error causes that is involved beyond a person or people to implement an errors and including field and environmental causes of errors ...
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Error is an inevitable part of life and cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be minimized. A root cause analysis is a technique for understanding the systematic error causes that is involved beyond a person or people to implement an errors and including field and environmental causes of errors when occur in this situation too. An important factor of an error occurrence is a root cause (causes) in causal factors that its revision or removing caused to prevent the recursion of a situation such as an error when is occurring in a process.The process of root cause analysis is consist of six steps: the beginning of the process, Data collection and mapping information, Identifying the problems, Analyzing Information, Solution Providing, Implementing the solutions (action plans),Writing the report.
Alireza Azizzadeh Delshad; Taki Tiraihi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , June 2007, , Pages 83-88
Abstract
Background and Objective: Evaluation of degenerative changes of motoneurons and their related synapses can be useful in understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential treatment. The present electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study investigates the axotomy-induced ...
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Background and Objective: Evaluation of degenerative changes of motoneurons and their related synapses can be useful in understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential treatment. The present electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study investigates the axotomy-induced changes of adult spinal motoneurons up to 3 months following sciatic nerve transection. Materials and Methods: Following unilateral mid-thigh sciatic transection in adult rats, the synaptophysin expression and ultrastructure of synapses in ventral horn of related spinal cord segments were studied 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. In all groups the unaxotomized side of spinal cord was considered as control. The pattern of synaptophysin immunolabeling was classified into intact, partial, diffused, and negative types. Results: In 1 week and 1 month groups, the intact pattern decreased and the other 3 patterns increased, whereas 3 months postoperatively the patterns changed vice versa, i.e. intact pattern increased and the other 3 decreased. Electron microscopic studies indicated consistent ultrastructural changes such as synaptic vesicle displacement, synaptic membrane irregularity and synaptic stripping, which were most prominent after 1 month and declined in 3 month group. Conclusion: The present data indicate that following axon injury in adult motoneurons, synapses undergo obvious changes in ultrastructure and synaptophysin distribution, which increase up to 1 month postoperatively, and if the cell survives the insult the changes will attenuate and return to normal conditions thereafter.
Mark Daniel Wilson
Abstract
Fibrosis is the pathological condition resulting in the growth of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or body system as a reparative or reactive process. In the field of clinical pathology, clinicians and medical scientists are endeavoring to translate experimental knowledge into effective, ...
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Fibrosis is the pathological condition resulting in the growth of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or body system as a reparative or reactive process. In the field of clinical pathology, clinicians and medical scientists are endeavoring to translate experimental knowledge into effective, innovative treatments for a range of fibrotic conditions. The amelioration of whole organ function is at the forefront of research involving new treatment modalities. The augmentation of cardiac function following myocardial infarction is one area of research currentlyundergoing rapid growth internationally, but pulmonary and hepatic functions are both affected by fibrosis in numerous disease states, and chronic allograft fibrosis is an increasingly recognized problem in organ transplantation; novel treatments are thus undergoing development with ever increasing urgency. An attempt will be made to explore the dynamics of fibrosis in a range of disease states not classically recognized as having a common etiology.
Biology & Genetic
Alireza Abdollahi; Hana Saffar
Volume 11, Issue 2 , April 2016, , Pages 89-96
Abstract
It is estimated that the number of HIV infected children globally has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 3.3 million in 2012. The number of children below 15 years of age living with HIV has increased worldwide. Published data from recent studies confirmed dramatic survival benefit for infants started ...
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It is estimated that the number of HIV infected children globally has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 3.3 million in 2012. The number of children below 15 years of age living with HIV has increased worldwide. Published data from recent studies confirmed dramatic survival benefit for infants started anti-retroviral therapy (ART) as early as possible after diagnosis of HI. Early confirmation of HIV diagnosis is required in order to identify infants who need immediate ART. WHO has designed recommendations to improve programs for both early diagnoses of HIV infection and considering ART whenever indicated? It is strongly recommended that HIV virologocal assays for diagnosis of HIV have sensitivity of at least 95% and ideally greater than 98% and specificity of 98% or more under standardized and validated conditions. Timing of virological testing is also important. Infants infected at or around delivery may take short time to have detectable virus. Therefore, sensitivity of virological tests is lower at birth. In utero HIV infection, HIV DNA or RNA can be detected within 48 h of birth and in infants with peripartum acquisition it needs one to two weeks. Finally it is emphasized that all laboratories performing HIV tests should follow available services provided by WHO or CDC for quality assurance programs. Both clinicians and staffs providing laboratory services need regular communications, well-defined SOPs and nationally validated algorithms for optimal use of laboratory tests. Every country should use assays that have been validated by national reference laboratory.
Ali Mohamad Malekasgar; Mohamad Esmaeil Motlagh; Mahmood Hashemi Tabar; Mohamad Ali Ghafari
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2006, , Pages 91-98
Abstract
Background and Objective: Pregnancy termination and recurrent abortion are one of the common complications during pregnancy and in patients with a bad obstetric history. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 154 individuals including 75 couples four single women from different communities ...
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Background and Objective: Pregnancy termination and recurrent abortion are one of the common complications during pregnancy and in patients with a bad obstetric history. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 154 individuals including 75 couples four single women from different communities and with various incomes were investigated chromosomal abnormalities using blood culture and chromosomal banding technique. Results: Chromosomal analysis of these patients revealed three abnormal karyotypes (3.8%) in three women and two abnormal karyotypes in conceptions. Two of these couples had consanguineous marriage and the remaining women included one isochromosome for X [46, x,I (xq)], two translocations [45, xx, t (15:21)] and [46, xx, t (7:14)], one trisomy ‘21’ (47, xx, +21), and a ring chromosome (46, xx, r(X). In addition, 27 conceptions had been reported for these five couples. These included 23 abortions with 18 of them within first trimester (78.26%) and four of them had abortions within second trimester (21.74%), one had a normal child, three had abnormal children, and one with stillbirth. Conclusion: It was found out that abnormal karyotype is present in 3.8% of patients with a bad obstetric history. There was also a close relationship between number of deliveries and abortions and this relation was statistically significant (p<0.01). In addition, consanguinity was also related with number of abnormal children (p<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between consanguinity and first trimester abortions (p<0.05). Therefore, in couples with more than three abortions, especially within first trimester, chromosomal evaluation can have a diagnostic value.
Mohammad Hossein Gheini; Noushin Jalayer Naderi
Abstract
Background & Objective: The role of synchronized expression pattern of cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK20 in the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma is unclear. The current study aimed at determining the relationship between the expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 and prognostic factors in colon adenocarcinoma. ...
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Background & Objective: The role of synchronized expression pattern of cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK20 in the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma is unclear. The current study aimed at determining the relationship between the expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 and prognostic factors in colon adenocarcinoma. Methods: In the current cross sectional Study, 52 archival samples of colon adenocarcinoma with different histopathologic differentiation were examined immunohistochemically to analyze the expression of Ck7 and Ck20. The relationship between cytokeratin expression and prognostic factors, such as histopathologic differentiation, lymph node involvement, and depth of invasion, were assessed. Results: CK7-/CK20+ was the most prevalent pattern in the current study. The difference among histopathologic grade, lymph node involvement, and depth of invasion in different CK7/CK20 expression patterns was insignificant (P=0.26, P=0.46, and P=0.22, respectively). Conclusion: No relationship was observed between CK7/CK20 expression and prognostic factors in colon adenocarcinoma, in the current study
Molecular Pathology
Amir Hossein Jafarian; Nema Mohammadian Roshan; Masoumeh Gharib; Vahid Moshirahmadi; Aida Tasbandi; Amir Ali Ayatollahi; Hossein Ayatollahi
Abstract
Background and Objective: The primary goal of this study is to develop a rigorous understanding ofthe correlation between COX-2 expression and malignant melanoma prognostic factors. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 60 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The related ...
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Background and Objective: The primary goal of this study is to develop a rigorous understanding ofthe correlation between COX-2 expression and malignant melanoma prognostic factors. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 60 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The related stained slides were reviewed by two pathologists. The results were interpreted according to the COX2 staining index (SI), tumor thickness (Breslow, Clark), number of mitoses per 10 hpf, and melanoma types. Gender, lymph node involvement, metastasis, and survival were considered as evaluation factors as well. Results: The expression of the COX-2 protein was evident in 98.4% of cases. A strong Staining Index(SI) was reported in 60% of all melanomas, moderate staining was detected in 20.8% and weak staining in 10%; 1.6% of studied cases showed no staining. Benign nevus specimens showed no staining for the COX-2 enzyme. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that COX-2 is strongly expressed in the majority of malignant melanomas and that the SI score of COX-2 is related to the number of mitoses, tumor thickness (based on Clark level and Breslow), melanoma sub-type, lymph node involvement, and metastases; No association was noted between the anatomic site, gender, and survival. COX-2 can be applied as a prognostic factor in malignant melanoma and a promising candidate for future target therapies.
Breast Pathology
Zeinab Vosough; Shima Golbini; Majid Sharbatdaran; Akramossadat Hosseini
Abstract
Background & Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Iranian women and worldwide. Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) was found to be an independent prognostic factor in many carcinomas, including invasive carcinoma of the breast. The aim of this study was to compare the hematoxylin ...
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Background & Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Iranian women and worldwide. Lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) was found to be an independent prognostic factor in many carcinomas, including invasive carcinoma of the breast. The aim of this study was to compare the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method and the use of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker, D2-40, for evaluating LVI in breast carcinoma specimens. Materials & Methods: The study was conducted on 50 patients undergone surgery between the years 2010 and 2015 in Rohani Hospital, Babol, Iran with invasive carcinoma of the breast with Census sampling method. LVI was assessed using H&E staining and two IHC markers, i.e., D2-40 and CD31, by two surgical pathologists. Results: LVI was detected in 25 (50%) patients by H&E and in 14 (28%) patients by D2-40. Twelve out of 25 patients with positive LVI in H&E were confirmed by D2-40 and 2 out of 25 patients with negative lymphatic vessel in H&E. Only one case showed weak staining of CD31 proving LVI. These results showed a significant difference between the H&E staining and D2-40 IHC study for LVI detection (p =0.004). Conclusion: The D2-40 IHC marker is helpful in the diagnosis and confirmation of LVI in invasive carcinoma of the breast. CD31 is not suitable for the evaluation of lymphatic vessels.
Seyed Abbass Tabatabaei Yazdi; Alireza Rezaei; Jafar Bordbar Azari; Aria Hejazi; Mohammad Taghi Shakeri; Mahdi Karimi Shahri
Volume 4, Issue 3 , June 2009, , Pages 101-104
Abstract
Background and Objective: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) following atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiac deaths world wide. We aimed to investigate the pathologic features of atherosclerosis in non cardiac death cases to have an estimate of atherosclerosis prevalence in Mashad (North ...
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Background and Objective: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) following atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiac deaths world wide. We aimed to investigate the pathologic features of atherosclerosis in non cardiac death cases to have an estimate of atherosclerosis prevalence in Mashad (North east of Iran). Patients and Methods : This descriptive (cross sectional) study was done, during October 2007 – March 2008, on 80 cadavers from 11 to 50 years old who had died of non cardiac causes and had no history of cardiac disease. After autopsy in forensic medical center, coronary arteries were removed and examined for atherosclerotic plaques. In case of a definite or suspicious lesion, microscopic slides were also prepared. Otherwise, three random slides from each branch of coronary arteries were studied by a pathologist. Results: We found that 73.1% of men and 61.5% of women had at least one fibrofatty or advanced plaque in major coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis in 41.8% of men and 30.8% of women was in advanced form. Frequency of advanced atherosclerotic plaques progressed with age reaching a maximum of 78.5% by the age of 41-50 years. In addition, prevalence of plaques suddenly increased after second decade of life. Atherosclerotic plaques were most commonly found in left anterior descending artery (60%) followed by right coronary (50%) and left circumflex (42.5%) arteries. Conclusion: This study showed an unexpectedly high prevalence of atherosclerosis in this population. It highlights the importance of cardiovascular risk factor screening from early ages of third decade.
Mohammadreza Jalali-Nadoushan; Alireza Abdollahi
Volume 6, Issue 3 , June 2011, , Pages 107-109
Alireza Abdollahi; Samaneh Salarvand; Hiva Saffar
Abstract
Electronic learning introduces a teaching device for deeper and more efficient learning. A study was conducted by the Pathology Department of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The topic of practical pathology was selected earlier based on the curriculum. High-quality digital images ...
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Electronic learning introduces a teaching device for deeper and more efficient learning. A study was conducted by the Pathology Department of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The topic of practical pathology was selected earlier based on the curriculum. High-quality digital images of the slides were presented in the form of an e-file. The medical students were asked to register for participation in conventional or virtual groups. The first group underwent traditional education and members of the virtual group were given the website address to click into the website where the materials were uploaded. At the end of the semester, both groups were scientifically evaluated. The mean final pathology exam grade in the virtual group was higher than that of the control group; however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P=0.658). In conclusion, it was observed that in teaching practical pathology, virtual education may be as effective as conventional method.
Azadeh Rajeipour; Arash Dehghan; Hosein Mahjoub
Volume 5, Issue 3 , June 2010, , Pages 109-116
Abstract
Background and Objective: Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite therapeutic advances, the majority of gliomas do not respond to either chemo or radiotherapy. CD117, the gene product of c-kit has been expressed in cells of glial tumors. Because gastrointestinal stromal ...
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Background and Objective: Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite therapeutic advances, the majority of gliomas do not respond to either chemo or radiotherapy. CD117, the gene product of c-kit has been expressed in cells of glial tumors. Because gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) that express CD117 respond dramatically to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, identification of glial tumors that express CD117 might open new therapeutic approaches for treatment of these tumors. Material and Methods: CD117 expression was investigated in 69 glial tumors of different types and grades. This protein was visualized by immunohistochemistry with commercially available antibody. The comparison of CD117 expression between high and low-grade tumors was evaluated with SPSS V16 soft ware and Chi square test. Results: Forty two percent of the tumors were positive for CD117 expression. There was a statistically significant difference in CD117 immunoreactivity between high grade and low-grade tumors (61.1% versus 21.2%, P=0.001). 96.6% of the positive cases had cell membranous and/or cytoplasmic staining. All except two of the positive cases showed strong expression intensity. In 26.1% of cases, CD117 also expressed in endothelial cells of tumor vessels that 88.9% of them was in high-grade tamors. Glioblastoma, anaplstic oligodendroglioma and anaplastic ependymoma showed the highest staining grade. Conclusion:CD117 has an important role in growth of glial tumors, especially high grade ones and that patients with CD117 expressing glial tumors might benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This finding should be further studied.
Peyman Mohammadi Torbati; Hamid Seyed Javadi
Volume 3, Issue 3 , June 2008, , Pages 113-118
Abstract
Background and Objective: Improved and modified automation will require the development of smart process control systems that provide on-line decisions to release patients’ test results based on high analytical quality assurance formula. Materials and Methods: We collected patients’ ...
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Background and Objective: Improved and modified automation will require the development of smart process control systems that provide on-line decisions to release patients’ test results based on high analytical quality assurance formula. Materials and Methods: We collected patients’ test results from 10840 healthy subjects based on 1.96z as truncation limit for 29 common haematochemical analytes at a regional reference laboratory. Computer simulation studies by EZ rulesTM and EZ runsTM software were performed to generate operating specification charts (OPSpces) that consider truncation limits set at 3() and control limits set at 3and number of patient subgroups which varied from 10 to 480 depending on the ratio that varied from 1.58 to 19.75. Results: On the basis of the test parameters defined and the workload expected in our regional laboratory, average of patients (AOP) algorithms would be expected to be useful for monitoring run length on analytical systems that test for ALP, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, calcium, creatinine, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, potassium, sodium, TSH and urea. These tests provide high potential capability indicating low, high and high analytical quality assurance (AQA) with low control observations for applying AOP algorithms to monitor run length. Conclusion: Our investigation revealed that approximately fifty percent of commonly requested haematochemical tests could achieve high capability in order to establish AOP method to maximize analytical run length.
Infectious Diseases
Parisa Khorasani Esmaili; Shahriar Dabiri; Tooraj Reza Mirshekari; Fatemeh Nabipour; Ayeh Shamsadini; Hadi Eslami; Mohammad Ali Damghani; Ali Asghar Arabi; Maryam Amizadeh; Fatemeh Fani; Navid Gharaei; Shiva Pouradeli
Abstract
Background & Objective: Mucormycosis (also called black fungus) is an opportunistic serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes. It can occur in diabetes mellitus patients and other immunosuppressive conditions with recent predisposing factors such as maxillofacial surgery and corticosteroid ...
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Background & Objective: Mucormycosis (also called black fungus) is an opportunistic serious fungal infection caused by mucormycetes. It can occur in diabetes mellitus patients and other immunosuppressive conditions with recent predisposing factors such as maxillofacial surgery and corticosteroid usage.Methods: In this study, 14 patients were referred to the otorhinolaryngology or ophthalmology ward of Shafa Hospital (Kerman, Iran) with primary symptoms of nasal fullness and Facial nerve dysfunction; they were admitted to the hospital to rule out the fungal infection. An endoscopic biopsy was taken from facial sinuses or orbit, and a microscopic evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining methods to rule out mucormycosis.Results: In the histopathological examination, broad-based nonseptate branching fungal hyphae were found in nasal sinuses through the endoscopic biopsy. Most of the patients had diabetes mellitus with a primary symptom of facial nerve palsy; also, most of them received corticosteroids (intravenous [IV] or intramuscular [IM] injection). All patients have recently been infected with COVID-19 (less than 1 month ago).Conclusion: COVID-19 infection could play a predisposing factor for many opportunistic infections, such as fungal elements); thus, the physician should be aware of the dose and day of corticosteroid therapy to prevent these infections.
Farid Moinfar
Volume 2, Issue 4 , September 2007, , Pages 127-143
Abstract
This review deals with studies that have used cDNA microarrays and immunohistochemistry to identify a subtype of breast carcinoma recently known as “basal-like” carcinoma. The key breast carcinoma studies are critically discussed to highlight methodological problems in cohort selection, definitions, ...
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This review deals with studies that have used cDNA microarrays and immunohistochemistry to identify a subtype of breast carcinoma recently known as “basal-like” carcinoma. The key breast carcinoma studies are critically discussed to highlight methodological problems in cohort selection, definitions, interpretation of results, and statistical analysis. It concludes that “basal-like” carcinomas do not reflect a single, biologically uniform group of breast cancers and show significant variations in their phenotypes, grades, immunoprofiles, and clinical behavior, just as a wide range of subtypes and behaviors is observed among epithelial/luminal-derived breast carcinomas. Welldesigned studies with comparison of low grade non-basal versus low grade basal and high grade non-basal versus high grade basal carcinomas are necessary before one can be convinced that this subtype represents a distinct clinicopathologic entity.
Mehrdad Roghani; Mohammad Taghi Joghataie; Mohammad Reza Jalali Nadoushan; Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad; Farshad Roghani Dehkordi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2006, , Pages 135-140
Abstract
Background and Objective: Although diabetes mellitus is known to be one of the risk factors for dementia but neuropathic changes in the brain of diabetic patients have not been completely revealed. Therefore, this research study was done to evaluate structural changes in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal ...
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Background and Objective: Although diabetes mellitus is known to be one of the risk factors for dementia but neuropathic changes in the brain of diabetic patients have not been completely revealed. Therefore, this research study was done to evaluate structural changes in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal CA1 area of male diabetic rats using Golgi-impregnation method. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected (i.p.) at a single dose of 60 mg/kg. At the end of 1st and 2nd months, rats were transcardially perfused and Golgi-impregnation method was used to evaluate the changes of dendritic spines in CA1 area. Results: It was found out that there was a significant reduction in mean density of pyramidal neuron dendritic spines after 1 and 2 months in diabetic group as compared to age-matched controls (p
Rajesh Singh Laishram; Ranjana Devi Khuraijam
Volume 8, Issue 3 , July 2013, , Pages 137-146
Abstract
Septicemia in neonates is the commonest cause of mortality. Early recognition and diagnosis of neonatal sepsis remains a challenge because of the variable and nonspecific clinical presentation. The laboratory criteria are often non specific and not fully reliable. The objective of this review ...
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Septicemia in neonates is the commonest cause of mortality. Early recognition and diagnosis of neonatal sepsis remains a challenge because of the variable and nonspecific clinical presentation. The laboratory criteria are often non specific and not fully reliable. The objective of this review is to highlight the various hematological and biological markers of neonatal sepsis. We searched PubMed and Elsevier’s web of science from studies evaluating the hematological and biological markers of neonatal sepsis. The key words used were “neonatal sepsis”, “hematological marker” and ”biomarker”. Since a battery of markers of neonatal sepsis are available, it is always better to rely on a combination of markers along with the clinical correlation.
Behrang Kazeminegad; Abbas Mirafsharieh; Freidoon Solhjoo
Volume 7, Issue 3 , July 2012, , Pages 139-144
Abstract
Background and objective: EGFR and HER-2 are two members of ERbB/HER family of Type I Transmembrane growth factor receptors. Cox2 is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which has a major role in angiogenesis and can modelate tumor growth. The aim of this study ...
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Background and objective: EGFR and HER-2 are two members of ERbB/HER family of Type I Transmembrane growth factor receptors. Cox2 is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which has a major role in angiogenesis and can modelate tumor growth. The aim of this study was to determine the level of expression of EGFR, HER-2 and Cox2 in colorectd cancer.
Material and Methods: IHC study was performed in paraffin-embedded blocks of 47 patients underwent colectomy due to colorectal cancer in Modarres Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2008 to 2009. Three separated pathologists analyzed the slides after complete IHC staining for EGFR, HER-2 and COX-2.
Results: EGFR, HER-2 and Cox2 revealed over expression in colorectal cancer as 80.9%, 25.5% and 72.4% respectively, EGFR revealed no statistically significant association with clinicopathologic parameters, but Cox2 overexpression exhibited statistically significant association with higher stages tumors (III, IV) (P value: 0.037) and tumor with lymph node metastasis(P= 0.005). On the other hand, HER2 overexpression showed statistically significant association with lower grade (well and moderately differentiation) tumors (P= 0.042).
Conclusion: According to over expression of three markers, EGFR, HER-2, and COX-2 in colorectal cancers, using drugs that act against these receptors and investigation of survival improvement of patients with these drugs in other studies are recommended.
Mohammad Rakhshan; Azadeh Rakhshan
Volume 4, Issue 4 , September 2009, , Pages 147-150
Abstract
Background and Objective: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-established method of diagnosis in palpable masses of various sites. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of FNAC as a diagnostic tool in the management of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients and Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-established method of diagnosis in palpable masses of various sites. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of FNAC as a diagnostic tool in the management of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients and Methods: Totally 178 patients admitted to Loghman-Hakim Hospital , Tehran, Iran, with cervical masses, were included in this study. They had undergone FNA and subsequently excisional biopsy of the same neck mass in which a lymphoid tissue lesion had been established. Results: Reactive lymphadenitis, metastatic neoplasm, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma constituted 59.6%, 17.9%, 14.6% and 7.8% of total cases, respectively. In 27 cases (15.2%), the FNA findings were nondiagnostic. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was about 88%. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 75.8%, 96.6%, 94% and 85.1%, respectively. Conclusion: FNAC has a high accuracy in the diagnosis of malignancies of cervical lymph nodes, but due to the existance of false negative cases, the benign results should be further evaluated if high clinical suspicion of malignancy exists.
Farzeen Tanwir; Humera Akhlaq
Volume 6, Issue 4 , September 2011, , Pages 165-172
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis is chronic progressive condition of oral cavity. The condition is well recognized for its malignant potential. Usually the disease initiates with redness, blistering, and ulceration inside the mouth. It is characterized by progressive fibrosis of submucosal tissue. The pathogenesis ...
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Oral submucous fibrosis is chronic progressive condition of oral cavity. The condition is well recognized for its malignant potential. Usually the disease initiates with redness, blistering, and ulceration inside the mouth. It is characterized by progressive fibrosis of submucosal tissue. The pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis is not well understood. Betelquid chewing is the major etiological factor. In Pakistan, oral cancer is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common cancer in men. The incidence of oral cavity cancer in Karachi South district of Pakistan is the highest in the world. Head and neck cancer are major cancer burden in Pakistan. The incidence of oral submucous fibrosis is common in women as compared to men. While banning tobacco, betel nut, betel, Panmasala and Gutka is the key to prevention of the disease. No specific laboratory tests are available for oral submucous fibrosis. Comprehensive head and neck examinations should be part of all medical and dental examinations. The treatment of patient of oral submucous fibrosis depends on the degree of involvement. Commercially available of economical sachets of gutka, paan have strong association with this. Government should take some steps for the cessation of these products.
Alireza Abdollahi
Volume 9, Issue 3 , July 2014, , Pages 167-180
Abstract
Plasmapheresis, which is defined as the removal of plasma, can be either "adjusted plasma" or “exchange of plasma”. The former is defined as selective withdrawal of certain (un)-pathological plasma components in different ways such as perfusion and then returning the remained donor plasma ...
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Plasmapheresis, which is defined as the removal of plasma, can be either "adjusted plasma" or “exchange of plasma”. The former is defined as selective withdrawal of certain (un)-pathological plasma components in different ways such as perfusion and then returning the remained donor plasma to him, the latter is non-selective removal of all components of plasma to provide blood products for injection into patients or to be used as the input of blood transfusion refinery or to remove the pathogen contained plasma before compensating for the volume losses with an equal volume of plasma or more commonly, replacing plasma with a substitute fluid (colloid or crystalloid) such as albumin. Plasmapheresis was divided generally into two groups:
1- Plasma products by donor plasmapheresis
2- Therapeutic plasmapheresis
Therapeutic plasma exchange or TPE are often attributed to plasma that exit from the body of patient then compensated by any kind of replacement fluid volumes to support neurmolemic situation of patients. Plasmapheresis is currently used as a therapeutic modality in a wide array of conditions. Generally, plasmapheresis is used when a substance in the plasma, such as immunoglobulin, is acutely toxic and can be efficiently removed. Myriad conditions fall under this category, including neurologic, hematologic, metabolic, dermatologic, rheumatologic, and renal diseases, as well as intoxications, that can be treated with plasmapheresis.
Etrat Javadi Rad; Seyed Hamid Madani; Sedigheh Khazaei; Mahtab Rahbar
Volume 5, Issue 4 , September 2010, , Pages 167-172
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Uterine smooth muscle tumors are the most common human neoplasm .They are divided clinically as benign and malignant but there is another group of lesions which is difficult to place in these two categories ,so-called smooth muscle tumors of uncertain ...
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Background and Objectives: Uterine smooth muscle tumors are the most common human neoplasm .They are divided clinically as benign and malignant but there is another group of lesions which is difficult to place in these two categories ,so-called smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and differentiation of these tumors on the basis of H&E staining is impossible . The goal of this study was finding of distinguishing objective biomarkers and a survey of proliferation markers comparing these three groups of tumors. Materials & Methods: Twenty one cases in each group of above mentioned tumors were selected randomly (63cases in total ) from Pathobiology laboratories and studied by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for Ki_67 expression and special Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizing Regions (AgNOR) staining method. Results : Ki_67 was expressed in 63.15% of leiomyosarcomas (LMS), 4.76% of STUMPs and 0% of leiomyoma group. Ki_67 expression between LMS and STUMP ,and also between LMS and leiomyoma were significantly different(P<0.0001).Mean AgNOR dots were2.55±0.03, 2.55, 0.66,4.04, and 8.12 ±0.13 in leiomyoma, STUMP and leiomyosarcoma,respectively. Significant differences between the three groups were observed (P<0.0001). Conclusion: AgNOR and Ki_67(MIB1) proliferation markers expression between LMS and STUMP were significantly different. Due to difficulty in differentiation LMS from STUMP, finding objective biomarkers is useful and practical. For this purpose, the present study recommend, Ki_67 and AgNOR staining which is a reliable, simple and rapid method.
R, Salehi; B. Tabanifar; E. Asgarani; M. Faghihi; T. Allame
Volume 3, Issue 4 , September 2008, , Pages 173-178
Abstract
Background and Objective: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues are a valuable source of DNA for molecular studies. We designed and optimized an efficient procedure for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Materials and Methods: Seventy three blocks of cervical paraffin-embedded ...
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Background and Objective: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues are a valuable source of DNA for molecular studies. We designed and optimized an efficient procedure for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Materials and Methods: Seventy three blocks of cervical paraffin-embedded tissues were investigated. DNA was extracted using 45 minutes boiling in alkaline solution together with 10 beads of Chelex-20, followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and alcohol precipitation. Results: This method produced DNA suitable for amplification using primers specific for human SMN and β globin genes in 98.63% and 82.2% of samples respectively. We also detected human papillomavirus DNA in 58.33% of appropriate samples. Conclusion: This procedure provides simple and efficient method for recovery of amplifiable genomic and viral DNA from paraffin wax embedded tissues.
Thorakkal Shamim
Abstract
Spindle cell neoplasms are defined as neoplasms that consist of spindle-shaped cells in the histopathology. Spindle cell neoplasms can affect the oral cavity. In the oral cavity, the origin of the spindle cell neoplasms may be traced to epithelial, mesenchymal and odontogenic components. This article ...
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Spindle cell neoplasms are defined as neoplasms that consist of spindle-shaped cells in the histopathology. Spindle cell neoplasms can affect the oral cavity. In the oral cavity, the origin of the spindle cell neoplasms may be traced to epithelial, mesenchymal and odontogenic components. This article aims to review the spindle cell neoplasms of the oral cavity with emphasis on histopathology. How to cite this article: Shamim T. The Spindle Cell Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity. Iran J Pathol. 2015;10(3):175-84.