Oral Pathology
Fahad Mansoor Samadi; Shaista Suhail; Manjari Sonam; Mohd Kaleem Ahmad; Vijay Kumar; Shaleen Chandra; Shadab Mohammad
Abstract
Background & Objective: Telomeres consist of repetitive G-rich nucleotides located at the end of each chromosome, acting as protein binding sites. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in telomere length in blood, saliva, and tissue samples at various stages of oral precancerous and ...
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Background & Objective: Telomeres consist of repetitive G-rich nucleotides located at the end of each chromosome, acting as protein binding sites. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in telomere length in blood, saliva, and tissue samples at various stages of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions.Methods: Samples of blood, tissue, and saliva were collected from patients with oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. DNA extraction was performed. Then, a TRAP assay was conducted to assess and compare the telomere length and telomerase expression.Results: The levels of telomerase activity (TA) in the DNA samples ranged from 0.19 to 6.91 (2.05+1.37) among oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and from 0.17 to 4.5 (0.28+4.25) among precancerous patients. A significant difference was observed in TA levels between OSCC and precancerous samples (t=3.9691, P= 0.0000).Conclusion: Assessing the telomerase activity is crucial for studying the behavior of carcinoma in the clinical setting. The augmented telomerase expression and the length of telomere contribute to OSCC progression. Hence, this study adds a diagnostic tool that can serve as a biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of OSCC.
Breast Pathology
Aida Alizamir; Sakineh Dehghan Azad; Azar Pirdehghan; Arash Moradi
Abstract
Background & Objective: Female breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women. The critical step in managing breast cancer is to diagnose it accurately. Hence, peripheral blood-based tests are one of the most favorable and less invasive methods to study. Recent studies investigated ...
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Background & Objective: Female breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women. The critical step in managing breast cancer is to diagnose it accurately. Hence, peripheral blood-based tests are one of the most favorable and less invasive methods to study. Recent studies investigated and evaluated the inflammation parameters such as neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet: lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The elevation in mentioned parameters was proposed as a key factor in cancer progression. The main goal of this study was to investigate the association of NLR, PLR, and CRP levels in patients with breast lesions.Methods: The NLR, PLR, and CRP levels were calculated from 200 female patients with either benign or malignant lesions.Results: The cut-off values of NLR, PLR, and CRP were 1.24, 96, and 10.36 mg/L, respectively. A significant difference in NLR (P<0.001), PLR (P<0.001), and CRP levels (P<0.001) were observed between the two major studied cohorts.Conclusion: Elevated NLR, PLR, and CRP levels could predict the presence of malignancy. In addition to the low cost and properties of the mentioned methods, utilization of this data could facilitate and improve clinical decision-making for treatment.
Diagnostic Pathology
Soheil Vazifedust; Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh; Mostafa Khafaei; Fateme Azemati; Bahman Jalali Kondori
Abstract
Background & Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes individuals to experience a variety of cognitive and physical problems. As proven by two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory therapies ...
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Background & Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes individuals to experience a variety of cognitive and physical problems. As proven by two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory therapies for MS, the disease progresses and relapses through several immunological pathways. New medicines aimed at remyelination and neurodegeneration are being developed; however, they need stronger evidence before being introduced into routine clinical care. The purpose of this study was a thorough assessment of MS immunopathology and predictive biomarkers.
Methods: Immunotherapy, immunopathogenesis, and prognostic biomarkers were all parts of the search method. Only publications in English were considered for inclusion in the study. For that purpose, we went through the current state of knowledge around MS immunopathology and related biomarkers. Immunology, as well as the identification of increased inflammation as an important component of neurodegeneration, shaped our understanding of this disease aetiology. The relevant sources examined covered the years 2015-2021.
Conclusion: We found biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood that might be used for the prediction and diagnosis of MS, as well as for measuring treatment response and adverse effects. Many variables, including the role of some infectious organisms and the impact of environmental and social factors, might contribute to the immunological dysfunctions seen in MS. Patients with MS may benefit from better therapy options if a better understanding of MS biomarkers and immune response mechanisms would be obtained.
