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Comprehensive Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis: From Immunotherapy and Immunopathogenesis to Predictive Biomarkers

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Baqiyatallah Research Center for gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

4 Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

5 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

10.30699/ijp.2022.541483.2755

Abstract

Background & Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes individuals to experience a variety of cognitive and physical problems. As proven by two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory therapies for MS, the disease progresses and relapses through several immunological pathways. New medicines aimed at remyelination and neurodegeneration are being developed; however, they need stronger evidence before being introduced into routine clinical care. The purpose of this study was a thorough assessment of MS immunopathology and predictive biomarkers.
Methods: Immunotherapy, immunopathogenesis, and prognostic biomarkers were all parts of the search method. Only publications in English were considered for inclusion in the study. For that purpose, we went through the current state of knowledge around MS immunopathology and related biomarkers. Immunology, as well as the identification of increased inflammation as an important component of neurodegeneration, shaped our understanding of this disease aetiology. The relevant sources examined covered the years 2015-2021.
Conclusion: We found biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood that might be used for the prediction and diagnosis of MS, as well as for measuring treatment response and adverse effects. Many variables, including the role of some infectious organisms and the impact of environmental and social factors, might contribute to the immunological dysfunctions seen in MS. Patients with MS may benefit from better therapy options if a better understanding of MS biomarkers and immune response mechanisms would be obtained. 

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Iranian Journal of Pathology
Volume 17, Issue 3
July 2022
Pages 241-250
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History
  • Receive Date: 27 October 2021
  • Revise Date: 14 May 2022
  • Accept Date: 14 July 2022
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