Mitra Mustaphi Ruplekha; Gon Sonia; Bhattacharyya Roop Narayan
Volume 9, Issue 1 , January 2014, , Pages 1-8
Abstract
Background & Objective: Chronic non healing ulcers or scar undergoing malignant transformation is a rare phenomenon with an estimated incidence of 2%. Though, numerous predisposing factors have been identified, still it is rarely diagnosed and commonly mistaken for a benign condition. The ...
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Background & Objective: Chronic non healing ulcers or scar undergoing malignant transformation is a rare phenomenon with an estimated incidence of 2%. Though, numerous predisposing factors have been identified, still it is rarely diagnosed and commonly mistaken for a benign condition. The objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of the Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology/ Scrape cytology of chronic non healing ulcers, and its use in the early detection of the malignant transformation, thereby facilitating early management. Methods: A total of 10 cases of chronic non healing ulcer with malignant transformation were included in the study where the initial diagnosis was made on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology/Scrape cytology and later on confirmed on histopathology. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma (7 cases), acantholytic variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (1 case), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (1 case) and carcinosarcoma (1 case) was seen. A 100% concordance with histopathology was seen in Squamous cell carcinoma cases. Because of the rarity of the case and unusual transformation, high grade pleomorphic spindle cell carcinoma was the cytological diagnosis in case of Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Conclusion: Marjolin ulcer arising out of chronic non healing ulcers can prove to be a precursor of any different kind of malignancies. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology/scrape cytology can be used as a first line diagnostic modality for the early diagnosis as it is a fast and safe method with high rate of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity
Promil Jain; Sanjay Kumar; Brij Bala Arora; Sneh Singh; Sonia Chabbra; Rajeev Sen
Abstract
Background and Objectives:Rapid processing of histopathological specimens and decreased turnaround time is important to fulfill the needs of clinicians treating sick patients, so the present study was conducted to compare the time taken and quality of sections in processing of prostatic tissue ...
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Background and Objectives:Rapid processing of histopathological specimens and decreased turnaround time is important to fulfill the needs of clinicians treating sick patients, so the present study was conducted to compare the time taken and quality of sections in processing of prostatic tissue by rapid microwave and conventional techniques using morphometry. Methods: Four to five mm thick paired prostate tissue pieces of fifty cases of prostatectomy specimens were taken. One tissue piece of the pair was processed routinely overnight by conventional tissue processing and the other by microwave processing. Time taken for processing by both conventional technique and microwave technique was noted and compared. Then, both were stained with conventional method of hematoxylin and eosin staining and examined for histological typing and grading. Morphometric study was done on slides of prostatic tissue processed by both conventional and microwave technique. Result:The prostatectomy specimens included both benign (86%) and malignant (14%) prostatic lesions in the age range of 46-85 years. The time taken for steps of dehydration, clearing and impregnation in microwave technique was significantly less as compared to histoprocessing done by conventional technique. Morphology, staining patterns of prostatic tissue processed within minutes by microwave technique, whether benign or malignant, were comparable to those sections which were processed in days using standard technique. Conclusion:Domestic microwave oven can be used for histoprocessing to accelerate the processing with preservation of morphology and is cheaper than commercially available microwave ovens and processing time was considerably reduced from days to minutes.
Sethi Bhawna; Arora Bharti; Kumar Yogesh; Aggarwal Reena
Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 1-8
Abstract
Background& Objectives: Inspite of intensive worldwide efforts to reduce its transmission, malaria remains the most serious and widespread protozoal infection of humans. It is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Malaria has long featured prominently ...
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Background& Objectives: Inspite of intensive worldwide efforts to reduce its transmission, malaria remains the most serious and widespread protozoal infection of humans. It is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. Malaria has long featured prominently in the grey area between parasitology and hematology. This study has been performed to evaluate various hematological alterations in patients infected with malaria and to add more detailed information, especially from these highly affected zones.
Materials and methods: A two-year, hospital-based study was conducted and hematologic profiles of 200 persons infected with malaria (Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum) infection, were examined and the results were compared with standard normal values.
Results: One-hundred-ninety-six patients were infected with Plasmodium vivax, three with Plasmodium falciparum, and one was infected with both. Patients with parasitemia tended to have significantly lower platelets, hemoglobin, white blood cell and red blood cell counts, blood indices and hematocrit than normal. Thrombocytopenia is identified as a key indicator of malaria in these febrile patients.
Conclusion: Anemia and thrombocytopenia are the classical changes. Changes in the white blood cells are less dramatic, may vary due to variable size and type of cases, variability of the species, and geographical differences.
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 1-2
Mehdi Nassiri; Mehrdad Nadji
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2006, , Pages 1-6
Abstract
The rapidly expanding fields of pharmacogenomics and pharmacodiagnostics have presented the pathology laboratories with many challenges and opportunities. As custodians of patient tissues, these laboratories are in the logical position to perform biomolecular testing for proper management of patients. ...
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The rapidly expanding fields of pharmacogenomics and pharmacodiagnostics have presented the pathology laboratories with many challenges and opportunities. As custodians of patient tissues, these laboratories are in the logical position to perform biomolecular testing for proper management of patients. In order to meet these challenges, the pathology laboratories of the twenty-first century should design and execute a biomarker-friendly, standardized tissue handling, including fixation and processing, to ensure uniform protection of macromolecules for clinically useful molecular assays. This important pre-analytic phase cannot be successful if tissues are handled in the traditional manner that includes the use of conventional fixation and processing. The recent progress in fixation and processing methods are rapidly replacing the time-honored routine formalin fixation and overnight processing. In this article we describe our experience with such system that not only produces good histomorphology but also preserves high quality RNA, DNA, and proteins in paraffin embedded material.
Mohammadreza Jalali Nadoushan
Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2010, , Pages 1-1
Mehdi Nassiri
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2007, , Pages 1-6
Abstract
Correct diagnosis and classification of lymphoid neoplasms depends on the integration of morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic features. The mature small B cell lymphomas despite their overlapping histomorphologies, have different clinical behavior and treatment. In this review, differential ...
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Correct diagnosis and classification of lymphoid neoplasms depends on the integration of morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic features. The mature small B cell lymphomas despite their overlapping histomorphologies, have different clinical behavior and treatment. In this review, differential diagnosis of this category of tumors and a practical approach based on biomarkers evaluation is discussed.
Nehzat Akiash; Younes Nozari; Naser EbrahimiDaryani; Alireza Abdollahi
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 1-4
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries. In addition to traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, nowadays, accumulating evidence indicates that a variety of infections contribute to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, ...
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Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries. In addition to traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, nowadays, accumulating evidence indicates that a variety of infections contribute to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, (We investigated whether Helicobacter pylori infection is related to Prevalence of coronary heart disease) there is controversy concerning the impact of H. pylori infections in atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 130 subjects who underwent coronary angiography in the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from Oct 2006 to Oct 2007. According to angiography findings, the patients were grouped into cases (n=70) with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), and normal control group (n=60). Then, using ELISA method, specific anti H. pylori IgGs were measured in all subjects. The connection between CAD and H. pylori infection was studied. Results: Among the 130 patients, anti-H. pylori IgGs were detected in 80% of cases and 65% of control subjects (p=0.05). The investigation shows that CAD correlated significantly with hypertension, diabetes, and smoking (p<0.05) although there was no associations between these traditional risk factors, and H. pylori infection. Conclusion: These findings raise the possibility that exposure to H. pylori may lead to an increased risk of coronary artery disease independent of other risk factors.
Shahriar Ahmadpour; Hossein Haghir; Yousef Sadeghi
Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2008, , Pages 1-4
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hippocampal volume reduction has been reported in diabetes mellitus type 1. It is believed that hyperglycemia and oxidative stress mediate neuropathological changes in hippocampal neurons. In this study we aimed to study the effect of insulin and an antioxidant like ...
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Background and Objectives: Hippocampal volume reduction has been reported in diabetes mellitus type 1. It is believed that hyperglycemia and oxidative stress mediate neuropathological changes in hippocampal neurons. In this study we aimed to study the effect of insulin and an antioxidant like ascorbic acid on preventing volume changes of dentate gyrus and CA3 region of hippocampus. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on male Wistar rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg). Control animals (C) received only saline. Six weeks later diabetic rats were divided into four groups as follows: diabetic (D), diabetic/insulin (D/Ins), diabetic/insulin + ascorbic acid (D/Ins+AA), and diabetic/ascorbic acid (D/AA). Treatments were continued for two weeks. At the end of treatment course, the hippocampi were removed and dentate gyrus and CA3 region volumes were measured using Cavalieri principle. Results: STZ diabetic rats showed a reduction in DG and CA3 volumes. The volume of DG and CA3 in D and D/AA groups showed a reduction in comparison with control group (p<0.01). However, the volumes of DG and CA3 in groups D/Ins and D/Ins+AA showed no significant difference related to control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings showed that insulin administration reverse volume reduction of dentate and CA3 region.
Shiva Dideban; Alireza Abdollahi; Alipasha Meysamie; Shokouh Sedghi; Mona Shahriari
Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2016, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
Background: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 70–90% of well-differentiated thyroid malignancies. Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma is a subtype of papillary carcinoma ...
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Background: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 70–90% of well-differentiated thyroid malignancies. Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma is a subtype of papillary carcinoma that included tumors with less than 10mm diameter. As a result of diagnostic methods improvement, prevalence of this tumor is increasing. In this study we reviewed different characteristics of tumor. Methods: We searched various factors about this tumor in different databases (PubMed, Ovid, Google scholar, Iran medex and SID databases,July 2012 till August 2013), after that the articles were classified. Data of each article were extracted and sorted in tables.Data of each factor in different articles were summarized. Results:Etiology, clinical presentation, prognosis, histopathology, follow-up, diagnosis and also age, gender, tumor size and treatment were factors about this tumor described in details here. Conclusion: Awareness and better understanding of the characteristics of this tumor and manage it as an individual and valuable tumor can take an effective step in promoting public health practice.
Bita Geramizadeh; Mahsa Marzban; David Owen
Abstract
Background: Routine screening colonoscopy is on the rise and pathologists have to deal with the ever larger numbers of excised colonic polyps. It is very important to optimize the patients’ individual treatment and further surveillance. Pathologists play a critical role in management, as most of ...
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Background: Routine screening colonoscopy is on the rise and pathologists have to deal with the ever larger numbers of excised colonic polyps. It is very important to optimize the patients’ individual treatment and further surveillance. Pathologists play a critical role in management, as most of the clinical decisions concerning colonic polyp management are based on pathologic findings. One of the most important clinical issues in colonic adenomas is the diagnosis of malignancy and reporting its different aspects by the pathologist. The histologic type and the extent of carcinoma within a malignant polyp have considerable impact on the decisions of gastroenterologists and surgeons for further management. Therefore, the most recent literature regarding the diagnosis and reporting of the different features of malignant polyps was reviewed. Data Acquisition: There is growing literature regarding the different pathologic features and reporting of malignant colonic polyps, and in this review, published articles that are listed on Google Scholar and Pub Med are discussed. Conclusion: Diagnosis of malignant colon polyp requires the presence of tumor cells that are penetrating beyond the muscular mucosa into submucosa (pT1). As well as establishing a diagnosis of malignant polyp, it is very important to report the size of the invasive component, the presence or absence of lymphovascular invasion, the degree of tumor differentiation and the distance of the carcinoma from the line of resection. Other important features that may be reported include: the presence or absence of tumor budding, the depth of tumor cell penetration into the submucosa, and results of immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins and BRAF.
Abdolmajid Ghasemian; Kobra Salimian Rizi; Hassan Rajabi Vardanjani; Farshad Nojoomi
Abstract
Background & Objective: The spread of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a global concern. Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) enzymes cause extensive drug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa in Iran. Methods: ...
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Background & Objective: The spread of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a global concern. Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) enzymes cause extensive drug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria. The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa in Iran. Methods: A total of 43 studies were found out of which 36 were adopted. Data were collected from Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Sciverse. The terms “Pseudomonas aeruginosa”, “metallo-beta-lactamase”, “prevalence”, “carbapenems”, and “Iran” were searched. Data from the isolates not producing MBLs were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 6, meta-analysis section. Results: According to the results of the current study, 36 surveys indicated that 55% of the clinically isolated P. aeruginosa in Iran were resistant to imipenem and meropenem, among which 37.72% were the MBL producers. Among genes encoding MBLs, blaVIM and blaIMP were predominant with the prevalence of 12.91%±11.01% and 12.50%±23.56%, respectively. No report of harboring blaNDM1 and blaSPM1 by P. aeruginosa was found, similar to most of the other countries in Asia. The prevalence of blaVIM and blaIMP from burn settings were 11.50%±3.5% and 24.65%±23%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of these genes was not significantly different among burn and non-burn isolates (P=0.942 and P=0.597, respectively). Moreover, no relationship was observed between the MBL production and patients’ age range. Conclusion: Approximately half of P. aeruginosa isolates were carbapenem-resistant in Iran, and approximately half were the MBL producers. The blaVIM and blaIMP were the predominantMBLs among P. aeruginosa strains, while other genes were not found in P. aeruginosa. Moreover, there was no significant difference between blaVIM and blaIMPamong burn and non-burn isolates. Due to the multiple drug resistance conferred by MBLs, detection and control of their spread alongside proper therapeutic regimens in hospitals and community settings are essential to prevent infection acquisition.
Molecular Pathology
Sahand Mohammadzadeh; Zahra Jowkar; Mitra Mirzaee; Bita Geramizadeh
Abstract
Background and Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation, especially in exons 18 to 21, is an important predictor of the response rate of lung adenocarcinoma to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. There are variable reports from Asian and European countries, as well as North America, about ...
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Background and Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation, especially in exons 18 to 21, is an important predictor of the response rate of lung adenocarcinoma to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. There are variable reports from Asian and European countries, as well as North America, about the frequency of the EGFR mutation in lung adenocarcinoma, yet molecular study about this incidence has been published from Iran. In this study, we investigated the frequency of this mutation in our center, which is the largest referral center in the south of country. This report will be the first published article about EGFR mutational analysis from Iran.Methods: During the study period (September 2011 till September 2016) i.e. 5 years, there have been 50 cases of pathologically-confirmed lung adenocarcinoma. These cases underwent mutational analysis for exons 18 to 21 of the EGFR gene by PCR and DNA sequencing. All demographic findings were also extracted from the patients’ charts and recorded.Results: There were 30 male and 20 female patients, with an average age of 58 years. The overall frequency of EGFR mutation was 28% (14 out of 50). The most common mutation was Del 19 (10 of 14, 71.4%), 3 mutations were found in exon 20 and one mutation was found in exon 21. EGFR mutations were more frequent in women than in men (30% versus 26.7%) and in nonsmokers than in smokers (37.9% versus 14.3%).Conclusion: Lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation shows strong association with female non-smokers. Our results showed an intermediate frequency of this mutation, which was higher than results from Western countries and lower than most Asian countries.
Hematopathology
Mitra Rezaei; Sandra Refoua; Najme Esfandiari; Masoud Shamaei
Abstract
Background & Objective:Although the antigen expression patterns of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are well known, this study attempted to evaluate commonly used immune markers for immunophenotyping of acute leukemia to set the minimum of necessary diagnostic panels by flow cytometry.Methods:This ...
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Background & Objective:Although the antigen expression patterns of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are well known, this study attempted to evaluate commonly used immune markers for immunophenotyping of acute leukemia to set the minimum of necessary diagnostic panels by flow cytometry.Methods:This study evaluated 89 patients referred from all over the country to the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) in Tehran from 2013 to 2015. We compared the immunophenotype patterns of childhood and adult ALLs including 69(77.5%) B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL), 2(2.2%) Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), and 18(20.2%) T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) cases using flowcytometry with broad antibody panel.Results:CD19 and CD79a were the most frequent markers for B-LBL while CD7 was the most sensitive marker in T-LBL; the frequency of CD7, CD3, and CD5 antigens were 100%, 38.9%, and 88.9%, respectively. TdT+/CD34+ was significantly higher in adult B-LBLs than children, which indicates blast cells are more immature in adults. In addition, CD10 and cCD79a were significantly higher in children with B-LBL like as CD5 and CD8 in children with T-LBL. Aberrant phenotypes including CD13, CD33, CD7, and CD117 were found in 7(10.1%) cases of B-LBL. These phenotypes were CD117, HLA-DR, and CD33 in 7(38/9%) cases of T-LBL. Expression of CD117 aberrant myeloid antigen was significantly more associated with T-LBL than with B-lineage ALL.Conclusion:Significant differences were observed in antigen-expression patterns between adult and childhood ALLs. Further studies are needed to correlate specific markers with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities and prognosis with therapeutic response.
Molecular Pathology
Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari; Atoosa Gharib; Maryam Abolhasani; Aileen Azari-Yaam; Farzaneh Hossieni Gharalari; Moeinadin Safavi; Ali Zare-Mirzaie; Mohammad Vasei
Abstract
Molecular assays for detection of nucleic acids in biologic specimens are valuable diagnostic tools supporting clinical diagnoses and therapeutic decisions. Pre-analytical errors, which occur before or during processing of nucleic acid extraction, contribute a significant role in common errors which ...
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Molecular assays for detection of nucleic acids in biologic specimens are valuable diagnostic tools supporting clinical diagnoses and therapeutic decisions. Pre-analytical errors, which occur before or during processing of nucleic acid extraction, contribute a significant role in common errors which take place in molecular laboratories. Certain practices in specimen collection, transportation, and storage can affect the integrity of nucleic acids before analysis. Applying best practices in these steps, helps to minimize those errors and leads to better decisions in patient diagnosis and treatment. Widely acceptable recommendations, which are for optimal molecular assays associated with pre-analytic variables, are limited. In this article, we have reviewed most of the important issues in sample handling from bed to bench before starting molecular tests, which can be used in diagnostic as well as research laboratories. We have addressed the most important pre-analytical points in performing molecular analysis in fixed and unfixed solid tissues, whole blood, serum, plasma, as well as most of the body fluids including urine, fecal and bronchial samples, as well as prenatal diagnosis samples.
Head and Neck Pathology
Sahar Assar; Sepideh Assar; Heidar-Ali Mardanifard; Zohreh Jaafari-Ashkavandi
Abstract
Background & Objective: There is no consensus on the prevalence of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) in Iran. Thus, we systematically reviewed the literature about the prevalence of SGTs in Iran and applied the last world health organization (WHO) classification.Methods: The systematic literature search ...
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Background & Objective: There is no consensus on the prevalence of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) in Iran. Thus, we systematically reviewed the literature about the prevalence of SGTs in Iran and applied the last world health organization (WHO) classification.Methods: The systematic literature search was performed in EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran; we searched for "salivary gland," "tumor," "prevalence," and "Iran" until 1 March 2021. The studies included were written in the English and Farsi languages. The weighted mean prevalence of SGTs was calculated as prevalence (%) * (N/the sum of all N). We used the unpaired Two-sample T-test to compare the weighted means.Results: A total of 17 studies, including 2870 patients, were selected for the data synthesis. The weighted mean prevalence of benign and malignant tumors was 66% (95% CI: 59-73) and 34% (95% CI: 27-41), respectively. The patients' mean age was reported in 10 out of the 17 studies. The weighted mean age of the patients was 40 (95% CI: 37-42) and 49 (95% CI: 43-55) years for benign and malignant tumors, respectively (P=0.01). Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), followed by Warthin's tumor (WT), was the most prevalent benign tumor. Moreover, the most common malignant tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC).Conclusion: More than one-third of SGTs in Iran were malignant, which is higher than the reports from Middle Eastern countries. Information about risk factors and the burden of SGTs in Iran is insufficient. Thus, further well-designed longitudinal studies are warranted.
Moslem Bahadori; Forouzan Mohammadi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2006, , Pages 41-48
Abstract
Since its original conception in 1959, by Nobel physicist Richard P Feynman, the notion of nanotechnology and its potential ramifications have not only created fascination,but also intense scientific efforts and scrutiny. One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is in the context of medicine. ...
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Since its original conception in 1959, by Nobel physicist Richard P Feynman, the notion of nanotechnology and its potential ramifications have not only created fascination,but also intense scientific efforts and scrutiny. One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is in the context of medicine. Due to their unique size-dependent properties nanomaterials such as nanoparticles offer the possibility to develop both new therapeutic and diagnostic tools. This applied nanotechnology to medical problems has been proposed as nanomedicine by NIH. Nanomedicine can offer new concepts that are reviewed. Specific attention is given to the development and basic approach of this new technique and give some principle definition of nanosized-particle and its application in treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of biological system. The future of nanomedicine and their applications of diseases of different organs will be reviewed later.
Marjan Heshmati; Hesam Amini
Volume 2, Issue 2 , April 2007, , Pages 45-48
Abstract
Background and Objective: Deprenyl is a drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, where the dopaminergic neurons are the target of this drug. Several reports also documented that deprenyl has an effect on the sensory and motor neurons. There are some reports about the mode of action of deprenyl ...
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Background and Objective: Deprenyl is a drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, where the dopaminergic neurons are the target of this drug. Several reports also documented that deprenyl has an effect on the sensory and motor neurons. There are some reports about the mode of action of deprenyl on motoneurons as a neuroprotective agent, while others believe that deprenyl acts as a neurorescuer. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the axotomized spinal motoneurons in rat neonates were used to investigate the mode of action of deprenyl on motoneurons. Six groups of newborn rats (5 each) were used in this study. The first group was treated with 2.5 mg/kg of drug (for 21 days) one hour before surgical transection of the left sciatic side, the second treated at the time of surgery, and the third one treated one hour after surgery. The fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were given normal saline 1 hour before the surgery, at the time of surgery, and 1 hr after the surgery respectively. The animals were perfused and spinal cords were removed. The tissues were processed in paraffin and then sectioned. Tissues were stained with Cresyl violet. Total motoneuron count was done and the percentage of motoneuron reduction as well as motoneuron survival index was calculated. Results: The obtained data revealed that deprenyl in pre-treated group was more effective than in the other two modes of treatment. Conclusion: Taken together, deprenyl is more neuroprotective than neurorescuer of spinal motoneurons in rats.
Joharia azhar
Volume 4, Issue 2 , April 2009, , Pages 51-58
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process characterized by the gradual accumulation of genetic changes that ultimately lead to cancer. These genetic mutations can impart limitless replicative potential to the cancer cells making them immortal. Telomeres are repeat nucleotide sequence TTAGGG that ...
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Carcinogenesis is a multistep process characterized by the gradual accumulation of genetic changes that ultimately lead to cancer. These genetic mutations can impart limitless replicative potential to the cancer cells making them immortal. Telomeres are repeat nucleotide sequence TTAGGG that are present at the end of chromosomes. Its functions are to protect the chromosomal ends and to ensure that these ends are not recognized as DNA strand break by the polymerase enzyme. They also act as a clock like mechanism to count the number of times a cell divides. These telomeres are maintained in the cell by an enzyme called as telomerase. The function of telomerase enzyme is to protect the cells from telomere erosion and senescence. Thus, the cell can become immortal and replicate forever. This is called as the canonical function of telomerase. Normally telomerase is present in stem cells, germ cells and blood cells only and the somatic cells usually do not express telomerase. However, a very high concentration of telomerase has been identified in various cancer cells. A few years back it was observed that low levels of telomerase are present in the S phase of cell cycle of somatic cells at levels that are not sufficient to maintain telomeres lengths. Additionally it was observed that ectopic expression of telomerase causes stem cell division, mobilization and migration, increased wound repair and an increased tumor burden. Based on these facts it has been deduced that telomerase has at least one non-canonical and elongation-independent function. Both canonical and non-canonical functions of telomerase are considered to play important roles in development and progression of tumorogensis.
Nahid Mostaghel; Elham Tavanayanfar; Elham Neisani Samani
Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2008, , Pages 51-54
Abstract
Background and Objective: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and from one of the deadly triad, along with hemorrhage and infection that contribute greatly to prenatal and maternal morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. This study was designed to investigate ...
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Background and Objective: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and from one of the deadly triad, along with hemorrhage and infection that contribute greatly to prenatal and maternal morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between maternal hypothyroidism and pre-eclampsia. Materials and Methods: In a prospective case-control study, maternal thyroid hormonal status was evaluated in 132 pregnant women with gestational hypertension and compared to controls. Results: It was found out that 23 women (7.3%) had pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), 45 women (14.3%) had mild pre-eclampsia, 62 women (19.7%) had severe pre-eclampsia and 2 (0.6%) had eclampsia. Mean of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was not significantly higher in pre-eclamptic group as compared to controls (p>0.05). Conclusion: Maternal hypothyroidism might not be associated with pre-eclampsia
Alireza Abdollahi; Mohammad Reza Jalali Nadoushan
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2011, , Pages 53-55
Reza Ataei; Alireza Khooei; Mohammad Gharedaghi
Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2010, , Pages 53-59
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Giant cell Tumor of bone (GCT) is often regarded as a benign tumor, but its clinical course is unpredictable, has a high rate of recurrence, and even can metastases and transform to a malignant tumor. Histological features of the tumor often could not predict its future ...
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Background and Objectives: Giant cell Tumor of bone (GCT) is often regarded as a benign tumor, but its clinical course is unpredictable, has a high rate of recurrence, and even can metastases and transform to a malignant tumor. Histological features of the tumor often could not predict its future biologic behavior, so it is just called ''Giant cell tumor'' without indicating malignancy or benignicity. Several methods are suggested to predict the biologic behavior of this tumor. This study evaluated the relation between Bax & bcl-2 as proteins involved in cell proliferation and death (apoptosis) with histopathologic features and clinical course of GCT. Materials & Methods: Paraffin- embedded tissue specimens of 40 GCTs of conventional, aggressive, recurrent, malignant, & metastatic types were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for Bax & bcl-2 markers. Clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical results were statistically analyzed and presented in tables & diagrams. Results:Age, sex, and pattern of skeletal involvement were the same as other worldwide reports. Expression of Bax & bcl-2 markers were significantly higher in malignant GCTs but no statistically significant difference was found in other subtypes for bcl-2 while there was statistically significant difference between subgroups for Bax. Conclusion:Considerable expression of Bax & bcl-2 markers in a GCT could signal its malignant course, but low expression is not valuable in predicting the clinical course. In addition, it seems that secondary tumor nodules in lung are just simple implantation not true malignant metastases
Diagnostic Pathology
Hiva Saffar; Maryam Saatchi; Anahita Sadeghi; Fahimeh Asadi Amoli; Seyed Mohammad Tavangar; Farzaneh Shirani; Ali Aliasgari
Abstract
Background & Objective: Appropriate use of laboratory testing is essential for achieving safe and effective care to patient. Insufficient knowledge could lead to poor case management and increase the health care costs. It is believed that education on laboratory testing for undergraduate medical ...
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Background & Objective: Appropriate use of laboratory testing is essential for achieving safe and effective care to patient. Insufficient knowledge could lead to poor case management and increase the health care costs. It is believed that education on laboratory testing for undergraduate medical student is inadequate. This study was designed to evaluate the level of knowledge of 5 and 6 year undergraduate medical students in field of laboratory medicine. Methods: Totally, 59 questions including 8 basic questions concerning individual assessment of their knowledge and 51 objective questions focusing on various stages of test ordering and interpretation were asked. Result: Thirty seven undergraduate medical students at the level of internship participated. On average, 47.9% of students evaluated themselves as “weak" in 8 self-assessment questions. There was no significant difference between responders assessment on their own knowledge in various aspects of laboratory testing (P=0.184). In the objective questions regarding various stages of test ordering including pre-analytic, analytic and post analytic phases,45.6%,51.9% and 50% correct answers were reported ,respectively. Comparison of the level of the knowledge of the students regarding various stages of pathology testing did not show significant difference (P=0.638). Conclusion: Prioritizing an effective teaching method of laboratory medicine to medical students on appropriate time should be considered in medical school curriculum for better clinical decision making and optimal modern medical care.
Elahe Keyhani
Volume 7, Issue 2 , April 2012, , Pages 63-69
Abstract
Muscle biopsy has been used for a long time for diagnosis of muscular, nerurogenic and systemic disorders with muscle involvement, because only very few of these disorders show sufficient specific clinical features for definite diagnosis. Since the presence of difficulties in the screening of numerous ...
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Muscle biopsy has been used for a long time for diagnosis of muscular, nerurogenic and systemic disorders with muscle involvement, because only very few of these disorders show sufficient specific clinical features for definite diagnosis. Since the presence of difficulties in the screening of numerous genes, muscle biopsy could be a time and cost effective procedure for solving the diagnostic problems. The aim of this article is to mention the importance of muscle tissue in the evaluation of primary and secondary muscle diseases, special consideration of how to biopsy, handling the specimen and performing the special staining, and the microscopic findings in order to have better interpretation results.
Reza Akhavan; Zahra Meshkat; Mehrangiz Khajekaramadini; Mojtaba Meshkat
Volume 8, Issue 2 , April 2013, , Pages 73-80
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis is one of the greatest health problems in Iran. The distribution of the disease is not equal in all parts of the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples referred to an academic ...
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Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis is one of the greatest health problems in Iran. The distribution of the disease is not equal in all parts of the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in samples referred to an academic hospital in an 8 year period.
Materials and Methods: The samples from different wards of Qaem Hospital, Mashhad and samples referred to Outpatient Clinic during the years 2001-2008 and 75 samples from the prison in the same period were analyzed with direct microscopy of smear and culture methods for M. tuberculosis. Basic descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS 11.5 software.
Results: A total 26817 samples were analyzed and the results showed that the frequency of Mycobacterium positive samples in hospitalized patients' samples was 2412 (9%) with microscopy and 1573 (6%) with culture method. In the outpatients, it was 897 (10.2%) and 417 (4.7%) with microscopy and culture methods, respectively. Form 75 samples from the prison, 9 (12%) were positive with microscopy method. Culture method yielded only one (1.3%) positive result in these samples.
Conclusion: The frequency of M. tuberculosis was relatively high in the study groups. Therefore it seems continues surveillance is essential to monitor the M. tuberculosis in hospitals and community.
