Document Type : Original Research
Authors
- Majid Sharbatdaran 1
- Sepideh Siadati 1
- Mahtab Zeinalzadeh 2
- Shahriar Shafaei 1
- Zahra Basirat 2
- Amir Esmi 1
1 Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
2 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among women and human papilloma virus (HPV) plays a major role in its development. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HPV type 16 and 18 in cervical discharge by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in women with atypical biopsy or papsmear.
Method: This case- control study was performed on women in Yahyanejad Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran during 2008-2009. Sixty women with normal papsmear (group1) and 30 women with atypical papsmear or biopsy (group 2) were enrolled in the study and their cervical discharge was assessed for HPV type 16 and 18. Data was analyzed with SPSS, Chi-Square, Fisher,s Exact test and t-test and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: HPV type 16 was founded in 10% women of group 2 but not seen in group1. HPV 18 was not detected. All women had one partner and none of them had alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: In comparison with other studies, the frequency of HPV infection is lower in our study. We considered this is strongly related to our culture and religious beliefs.
Keywords
- Wong AK, Chan RCK, Nichols WS, Bose Sh. Human papillomavirus(HPV) in atypical squamous cervical cytology: the invader HPV test, as a new screening assay. J clin Microbiol 2008; 46(3):869-75.
- Fletcher CH. Diagnostic Histopathology of Tomurs. 3rd ed. Philadelphia:Churchil Livingstone;2007.
- de Sanjose S,Diaz M, Castellsugue X, Clifford G, Brunil, Munoz N, et al. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. The lancet infect dis 2007; 7(7):453-9.
- Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia:Saunders;2010.
- Wani K, Nair CK. Genetic alterations in cervical cancer. Indian J Exp Biol 2003: 41(8):789-96.
- Steben M, Duarto-Franco E. Human papillomavirus infection: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Gynecol Oncol 2007:107(2 suppl 1): S2-5.
- Hausen HZ. Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenosis. J Natl cancer Inst 2000:92(9):690-8.
- Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS, et al. prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. JAMA. 2007; 297(8):813-9.
- Khan MJ, Cashe PE, Lorincz AT, Wacholder S, Sherman M, Scott DR, et al. The elevated 10-year risk of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human papillomavirus(HPV) type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type – specific HPV testing in clinical practice. J Natl cancer Inst 2005; 97(14):1072-9.
- Camillen G, Blundell R. The human papillomaviruses(HPVs)and HPV DNA testing. Res J Biol sci 2009; 4(1):29-36.
- Cuzick J, Arbyn M, Sankaranarayanan R, Tsu V, Ronco G, Mayrand MH, et al. Overview of human papillomavirus-based and other novel options for cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries. Vaccine 2008; 26 suppl 10: k29 -41
- 12.Naucler P, Ryd W, TornbergS, Strand A, Wadell G, Elfgren K, et al. Efficacy of HPV DNA testing with cytology triage and/ or repeat HPV DNA testing in primary cervical cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(2): 88-99.
- 13. Wentzensen N, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Biomarkers in cervical cancer screening. Dis Markers 2007; 23(4):315-30.
- 14. Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, Walter SD, Hanley J, Ferenczy A et al. Human papillomavirusDNA versus papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(16):1579-88.
- 15. Kjaer SK, Van den Brule AJ, Bock JE, poll PA, Engholm G, Sherman ME, et al. Determinants for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in 1000 randomly chosen young Danish women with normal pap smear: are there different risk profiles for oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV types? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6(10):799-805.
- 16.Hagensee ME, Slavinsky J 3rd, Gaffga CM, Suros J, Kissinger P, Martin DH. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94(5Pt 1): 653-8.
- 17. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(7):423-8.
- 18. Giuliano AR, Harris R, Sedjo RL, Baldwin S, Roe D, Papenfuss MR, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and clearance of type-specific human papillomavirus infections: The young Womens Health Study. J Infect Dis 2002;186(4):462-9.
- 19.Farjadian S, Asadi E, Doroudchi M, Dehaghani AS, Tabei SZ, Kumar VP, Ghaderi A. High risk HPV types in southern Iranian patients with cervical cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2003;9(2):121-5.
- 20. Grce M, Husnjak K, Magdic L, Ilijas M, Zlacki M, Lepusic D, et al. Detection and typing of human papillomaviruses by polymerase chain reaction in cervical scrapes of Croation women with abnormal cytology. Eur J Epidemiol 1997; 13(6):645-51.
- 21. Cooper K, Herrington CS, Graham AK, Evans MF, Mc Gee JO. In situ evidence for HPV 16,18,33 integration in cervical squamous cell cancer in Britain and South Africa. J Clin pathol 1991; 44(5): 406-9.
- 22. Torroella-Kouri M, Morsberger S, Carrillo A, Mohar A, Meneses A, Ibarra M, et al. HPV prevalence among Mexican women with neoplastic and normal cervixes. Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70(1):115-20.
- 23. Mitchell H, Medley G. Differences between false-negative and true- positive papanicolaou smears on Papnet-assisted review. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998; 19(2):138-40.
- 24. Hinchliffe SA, van Velzen D, Korporaal H, Kok PL, Boon ME. Transience of cervical HPV infection in sexually active, young women with normal cervicovaginal cytology. Br J Cancer 1995; 72(4):943-5.
- 25. Evander M, Edlund K, Gustafsson A, Jonsson M, Karlsson R, Rylander E, et al. Human papilomavirus infection is transient in young women: a population-based cohort study. J Infect Dis 1995; 71(4):1026-30.
- 26. Cox JT. Human papilloma virus testing in primary cervical screening and abnormal papanicolaou management. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006; 61(6 suppl 1): 515-25.
)