ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Infants and Children
It is estimated that the number of HIV infected children globally has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 3.3 million in 2012. The number of children below 15 years of age living with HIV has increased worldwide. Published data from recent studies confirmed dramatic survival benefit for infants started anti-retroviral therapy (ART) as early as possible after diagnosis of HI. Early confirmation of HIV diagnosis is required in order to identify infants who need immediate ART. WHO has designed recommendations to improve programs for both early diagnoses of HIV infection and considering ART whenever indicated? It is strongly recommended that HIV virologocal assays for diagnosis of HIV have sensitivity of at least 95% and ideally greater than 98% and specificity of 98% or more under standardized and validated conditions. Timing of virological testing is also important. Infants infected at or around delivery may take short time to have detectable virus. Therefore, sensitivity of virological tests is lower at birth. In utero HIV infection, HIV DNA or RNA can be detected within 48 h of birth and in infants with peripartum acquisition it needs one to two weeks. Finally it is emphasized that all laboratories performing HIV tests should follow available services provided by WHO or CDC for quality assurance programs. Both clinicians and staffs providing laboratory services need regular communications, well-defined SOPs and nationally validated algorithms for optimal use of laboratory tests. Every country should use assays that have been validated by national reference laboratory.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19188_535c99aa317a9260b0bf2002583a3f13.pdf
2016-04-01
89
96
Diagnosis
HIV infection
infants
Children
Alireza
Abdollahi
dr_p_abdollahi@yahoo.com
1
Dept of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hana
Saffar
hsaffar@yahoo.com
2
Dept of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
WHO; UNAIDS. Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling in health facilities. Geneva: WHO; 2007. [09 December 2010]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595568_eng.pdf.
1
Morss SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jun 5]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm
2
De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E,et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries:translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000 1; 283(9):1175-82.
3
Sherman GG, Stevens G, Stevens WS. Affordable diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants by p24 antigen detection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(2):173-6.
4
Cassol S, Gill MJ, Pilon R, Cormier M, Voigt RF, Willoughby B, et al. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA from dried plasma spots collected on filter paper. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(11):2795-801.
5
Bertagnolio S, Soto-Ramirez L, Pilon R, Rodriguez R, Viveros M, Fuentes L, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance using dried whole blood spots. Antivir Ther 2007; 12(1):107-13.
6
Brambilla D, Jennings C, Aldrovandi G, Bremer J, Comeau AM, Cassol SA, et al. Multicenter evaluation of use of dried blood and plasma spot specimens in quantitative assays for human immunodeficiency virus RNA: measurement, precision,and RNA stability. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(5):1888-93.
7
Isaakidis P, Raguenaud ME, Te V, Tray CS, Akao K, Kumar V, et al. High survival and treatment success sustained after two and three years of first-line ART for children in Cambodia. J Int AIDS Soc 2010 21;13:11.
8
Janssens B, Raleigh B, Soeung S, Akao K, Te V, Gupta J, et al. Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children: evaluation at 12 months in a routine program in Cambodia. Pediatrics 2007; 120(5):e1134-40.
9
Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Babiker AG, Steyn J, Madhi SA, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med 2008 20; 359(21):2233-44.
10
Chiappini E, Galli L, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, Gattinara GC, Guarino A, et al. Virologic, immunologic, and clinical benefits from early combined antiretroviral therapy in infants with perinatal HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 2006, 20(2):207–215.
11
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P,et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008 26; 336(7650):924-6.
12
Reynolds SJ, Ndongala LM, Luo CC, Mwandagalirwa K, Losoma AJ, Mwamba KJ, et al. Evaluation of a rapid test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in the setting of multiple transmitted viral subtypes. Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13(3):171-3.
13
Prendergast A, Mphatswe W, Tudor-Williams G, Rakgotho M, Pillay V, Thobakgale C, et al. Early virological suppression with three-class antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected African infants. AIDS 2008, 22(11):1333–1343.
14
Lambert JS, Harris DR, Stiehm ER, Moye J Jr, Fowler MG, Meyer WA ,et al. Performance characteristics of HIV-1 culture and HIV-1 DNA and RNA amplification assays for early diagnosis of perinatal HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003 15;34(5):512-9.
15
Kline MW, Lewis DE, Hollinger FB, Reuben JM, Hanson LC, Kozinetz CA,et al. A comparative study of human immunodeficiency virus culture, polymerase chain reaction and anti-human immunodeficiency virus immunoglobulin A antibody detection in the diagnosis during early infancy of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13(2):90-4.
16
Kovacs A, Xu J, Rasheed S, Li XL, Kogan T, Lee M, Liu C, et al. Comparison of a rapid nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction assay with four commonly used methods for the early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in neonates and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14(11):948-54.
17
Prasitwattanaseree S1, Lallemant M, Costagliola D, Jourdain G, Mary JY.Influence of mother and infant zidovudine treatment duration on the age at which HIV infection can be detected by polymerase chain reaction in infants. Antivir Ther 2004; 9(2):179-85.
18
Ribas SG, Ondoa P, Schüpbach J, van der Groen G, Fransen K.et al. Performance of a quantitative human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 antigen assay on various HIV-1 subtypes for the follow-up of human immunodeficiency type 1 seropositive individuals. J Virol Methods 2003; 113(1):29-34.
19
Luo W, Yang H, Rathbun K, Pau CP, Ou CY.et al. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in dried blood spots by a duplex real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(4):1851-7.
20
Lakshmi V, Sudha T, Bhanurekha M, Dandona L.et al. Evaluation of the Murex HIV Ag/Ab Combination assay when used with dried blood spots. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13(11):1134-6.
21
Ou CY, Yang H, Balinandi S, Sawadogo S, Shanmugam V, Tih PM,et al. Identification of HIV-1 infected infants and young children using real-time RT PCR and dried blood spots from Uganda and Cameroon. J Virol Methods 2007; 144(1-2):109-14.
22
Sutcliffe CG, van Dijk JH, Bolton C, Persaud D, Moss WJ.et al. Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8(8):477-89.
23
Gulia J, Kumwenda N, Li Q, Taha TE.HIV seroreversion time in HIV-1-uninfected children born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007 v 1; 46(3):332-7.
24
Beck IA, Drennan KD, Melvin AJ, Mohan KM, Herz AM, Alarcón J,et al. Simple, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B DNA in dried blood samples for diagnosis in infants in the field. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39(1):29-33.
25
Berhan Z, Abebe F, Gedefaw M, Tesfa M, Assefa M, Tafere Y. Risk of HIV and associated factors among infants born to HIV positive women in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a facility based retrospective study. BMC Res Notes 2014 4;7(1):876.
26
Divala O, Michelo C, Ngwira B. Morbidity and mortality in HIV-exposed under-five children in a rural Malawi setting: a cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc 2014 2; 17(4 Suppl 3):19696.
27
Hatcher AM, Woollett N, Pallitto CC, Mokoatle K, Stöckl H, MacPhail C,et al. Bidirectional links between HIV and intimate partner violence in pregnancy: implications for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. J Int AIDS Soc 2014 3; 17:19233.
28
Odeny TA, Newman M, Bukusi EA, McClelland RS, Cohen CR, Camlin CS. Developing content for a mHealth intervention to promote postpartum retention in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programs and early infant diagnosis of HIV: a qualitative study. PLoS One2014 2; 9(9):e106383.
29
Blumental S, Ferster A,Van den Wijngaert S, Lepage P. HIV transmission through breastfeeding: still possible in developed countries. Pediatrics 2014; 134(3):e875-9.
30
Sohn AH, Thanh TC, Thinh le Q, Khanh TH, Thu HK, Giang le T, et al. Failure of human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay to rule out infection among polymerase chain reaction-negative vietnamese infants at 12 months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28(4):273-6.
31
Chantry CJ, Cooper ER, Pelton SI, Zorilla C, Hillyer GV, Diaz C. Seroreversion in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14(5):382-7.
32
Rakusan TA, Parrott RH, Sever JL.Limitations in the laboratory diagnosis of vertically acquired HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4(2):116-21.
33
Makuwa M, Souquière S, Niangui MT, Rouquet P, Apetrei C, Roques P, et al. Reliability of rapid diagnostic tests for HIV variant infection. J Virol Methods 2002 16; 103(2):183-90.
34
Phillips S, Granade TC, Pau CP, Candal D, Hu DJ, Parekh BS.Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection with different subtypes using rapid tests. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000; 7(4):698-9.
35
Rouet F, Montcho C, Rouzioux C, Leroy V, Msellati P, Kottan JB,et al. Early diagnosis of paediatric HIV-1 infection among African breast-fed children using a quantitative plasma HIV RNA assay. AIDS 2001 28;15(14):1849-56.
36
Souza IE, Azevedo ML, Succi RC, Machado DM, Diaz RS.RNA viral load test for early diagnosis of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000 1; 23(4):358-60.
37
Alvarez-Muñoz MT, Zaragoza-Rodríguez S, Rojas-Montes O, Palacios-Saucedo G, Vázquez-Rosales G, Gómez-Delgado A, et al. High correlation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 viral load measured in dried-blood spot samples and in plasma under different storage conditions. Arch Med Res 2005;36(4):382-6.
38
Fischer A, Lejczak C, Lambert C, Servais J, Makombe N, Rusine J, et al. Simple DNA extraction method for dried blood spots and comparison of two PCR assays for diagnosis of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in Rwanda. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(1):16-20.
39
Nesheim S, Palumbo P, Sullivan K, Lee F, Vink P, Abrams E,et al. Quantitative RNA testing for diagnosis of HIV-infected infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003 1; 32(2):192-5.
40
Rouet F, Sakarovitch C, Msellati P, Elenga N, Montcho C, Viho I, et al.Pediatric viral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels, timing of infection, and disease progression in African HIV-1-infected children. Pediatrics 2003;112(4):e289.
41
Cachafeiro A, Sherman GG, Sohn AH, Beck-Sague C, Fiscus SA.Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in infants by use of dried blood spots and an ultrasensitive p24 antigen assay. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47(2):459-62.
42
Report of the WHO Technical Reference Group, Paediatric HIV/ART Care Guideline GroupMeeting. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/paediatric/WHO_Paediatric_ART_guideline_rev_mreport_2008.pdf).
43
Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children: towards universal access:recommendations for a public health approach Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241594691_eng.pdf).
44
WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva, World HealthOrganization, 200 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595629_eng.pdf).
45
Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling in health facilities. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595568_eng.pdf).
46
Gleaves CA, Welle J, Campbell M, Elbeik T, Ng V, Taylor PE,et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Bayer VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay: analytical and clinical performance. J Clin Virol 2002;25(2):205-16.
47
World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). HIV assays: operational characteristics. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (http://www.who.int/diagnostics_laboratory/evaluations/hiv/en/index.html accessed on 18 December 2009).
48
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infection in infants and children: Toward universal access Recommendations for a public health approach, 2010 Revision .WHO.
49
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection National Institutes of Health, USA, August 16, 2010.
50
Garrido C, Zahonero N, Corral A, Arredondo M, Soriano V, de Mendoza C.et al. Correlation between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA measurements obtained with dried blood spots and those obtained with plasma by use of Nuclisens EasyQ HIV-1 and Abbott Real Time HIV load tests. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47(4):1031-6.
51
Mwaba P, Cassol S, Nunn A, Pilon R, Chintu C, Janes M, et al. Whole blood versus plasma spots for measurement of HIV-1 viral load in HIV-infected African patients. Lancet 2003 20; 362(9401):2067-8.
52
Braun J, Plantier JC, Hellot MF, Tuaillon E, Gueudin M, Damond F, et al. A new quantitative HIV load assay based on plasma virion reverse transcriptase activity for the different types, groups and subtypes. AIDS 2003 14; 17(3):331-6.
53
Crowe S, Turnbull S, Oelrichs R, Dunne A.Monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus infection in resourceconstrained countries. Clin Infect Dis 2003 1; 37(Suppl 1):S25-35.
54
Sutthent R, Gaudart N, Chokpaibulkit K, Tanliang N, Kanoksinsombath C, Chaisilwatana P.p24 Antigen detection assay modified with a booster step for diagnosis and monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41(3):1016-22.
55
Maliwichi M, Rosenberg NE, Macfie R, Olson D, Hoffman I, van der Horst CM,et al. CD4 count outperforms World Health Organization clinical algorithm for point-of-care HIV diagnosis among hospitalised HIV-exposed Malawian infants. Trop Med Int Health 2014 Aug;19(8):978-87.
56
Selik RM, Gebo KA, Borkowf CB, Whitmore SK, Espinoza L. CD4 T-lymphocyte percentages corresponding to CD4 T-lymphocyte count thresholds in a new staging system for HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014 Aug 1;66(4):e92-4.
57
Frizzera Dias C, Moreira-Silva SF, Reis MA, Ribeiro Patrício L, Biancardi Gavioli CF, Miranda AE. Late diagnosis and HIV infection in children attending a service of specialized care for pediatric AIDS in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014 Jan-Feb;47(1):93-6.
58
Smit PW, Sollis KA, Fiscus S, Ford N, Vitoria M, Essajee S,et al. Systematic review of the use of dried blood spots for monitoring HIV viral load and for early infant diagnosis. PLoS One 2014 Mar 6;9(3):e86461.
59
Gupta R, Praveen R, Sharma M. Can we prevent pediatric HIV? An experience at a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India 2013 Jul;69(3):218-21.
60
Corró G, Crudeli CM, Rocco CA, Marino SA, Sen L. High levels of anti-Nef antibodies may prevent AIDS disease progression in vertically HIV-1-infected infants. J Int AIDS Soc 2014 Feb 14;17:18790.
61
Motswere-Chirwa C, Voetsch A, Lu L, Letsholathebe V, Lekone P, Machakaire E,et al. Follow-up of infants diagnosed with HIV - Early Infant Diagnosis Program, Francistown, Botswana, 2005-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014 Feb 21;63(7):158-60.
62
Shiau S, Kuhn L, Strehlau R, Martens L, McIlleron H, Meredith S, et al. Sex differences in responses to antiretroviral treatment in South African HIV-infected children on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir- and nevirapine-based treatment. BMC Pediatr 2014 Feb 12; 14:39.
63
Gebremedhin A, Gebremariam S, Haile F, Weldearegawi B, Decotelli C. Predictors of mortality among HIV infected children on anti-retroviral therapy in Mekelle Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2013 Nov 6;13:1047.
64
Shiau S, Kuhn L. Antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected infants and young children: novel issues raised by the Mississippi baby. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014 Mar; 12(3):307-18.
65
HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study. Predictive value of absolute CD4 cell count for disease progression in untreated HIV-1-infected children. AIDS 2006, 20(9):1289–1294.
66
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization. AIDS epidemic update: December 2009. Geneva, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS), 2009 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2009/9789291738328_eng.pdf).
67
Patton JC, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Stevens WS, Meyers TM.Ultrasensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 antigen assay modified for use on dried whole-blood spots as a reliable, affordable test for infant diagnosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13(1):152-5.
68
Schüpbach J.Measurement of HIV-1 p24 antigen by signal-amplification-boosted ELISA of heat-denatured plasma is a simple and inexpensive alternative to tests for viral RNA. AIDS Rev 2002; 4(2):83-92.
69
Zijenah LS, Tobaiwa O, Rusakaniko S, Nathoo KJ, Nhembe M, Matibe P, et al. Signal-boosted qualitative ultrasensitive p24 antigen assay for diagnosis of subtype C HIV-1 infection in infants under the age of 2 years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005 1; 39(4):391-4.
70
Poulsen AG, Aaby P, Gottschau A, Kvinesdal BB, Dias F, Mølbak K, et al. HIV-2 infection in Bissau, West Africa, 1987–1989: incidence, prevalences, and routes of transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6(8):941-8.
71
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Validity of Selected WBC Differentiation Flags in Sysmex XT-1800i
Background: Automatic Cell Counter devises make the CBC differential very easy and delivering the results in few second. However, the problem with this device is facing a flag requires a time-consuming microscopic review of the specimen which causes unacceptable wait times for patient as well as costs for laboratories. In this study, we calculated the validity of WBC diff flags in Sysmex XT-1800i. In addition, we verified the correlation between manual and automated samples. Methods: Overall, 1095 flagged samples were selected in the period of 6 weeks (Imam Hospital complex, Tehran Iran, 2014). The results of both automated and manual counting of the samples were carefully studied and compared. Totally, 624 NRBC flags, 450 Blast flags, 155 abnormal WBC Scatter gram flags, 140 Eosinophilia flags and 468 Monocytosis flags were identified. Results: Considering NRBC and blast flags there was a significant difference between our manual counted and automated counted NRBCs and blasts (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between automated and manual counting of flags for WBC Scatter gram. A significant difference between automated and manual counting data in flags, eosinophilia and monocytosis was foun (P<0.05). Conclusion: We propose the NRBC flags to be ignored and report negative except for the neonatal ward, and the Blasts flags to be ignored and report negative in all the cases. The WBC Scatter gram should be report positive. For eosinophilia and monocytosis flags, we propose, the Sysmex results should be considered correct and the manual checking would not be necessary.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19189_7292c646ac4cbbffea56e047025f554c.pdf
2016-04-01
97
103
WBC differentiation
Sysmex cell count
WBC flags
NRBC
Blasts
Parya
Bameni Moghaddam
p.moghaddam@yahoo.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Mahjoub
f.mahjoub@yahoo.com
2
Dept. of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
AUTHOR
Amirhossein
Emami
a_emami@yahoo.com
3
Dept. of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Abdollahi
dr_p_abdollahi@yahoo.com
4
Dept. of Pathology ,Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Parham DM, Ready R, Stine K, Quiggins C, Becton D, North P. Comparison of manual and automated leukocyte counts for determination of the absolute neutrophil count: application to a pediatric oncology clinic. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002 Mar; 38(3):183-6.
1
Hijiya N, Onciu M, Howard SC, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Sandlund JT, et al. Utility of automated counting to determine absolute neutrophil counts and absolute phagocyte counts for pediatric cancer treatment protocols. Cancer 2004 1; 101(11):2681-6.
2
Friis-Hansen L, Saelsen L, Abildstrøm SZ, Gøtze JP, Hilsted L. An algorithm for applying flagged Sysmex XE-2100 absolute neutrophil counts in clinical practice. Eur J Haematol 2008;81(2):140-53.
3
Sireci AN, Herlitz L, Lee K, Bautista JL, Kratz A. Validation and Implementation of an Algorithm for Reporting the Automated Absolute Neutrophil Count from Selected Flagged Specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2010 Nov;134(5):720-5
4
Richard A, McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Elsevier Inc; 2011. P.520-31.
5
Pierre RV. Peripheral blood film review: the demise of the eye-count leukocyte differential. Clin Lab Med 2002; 22:279–97.
6
Buttarello M, Gadotti M, Lorenz C, Toffalori E, Ceschini N, Valentini A, et al. Evaluation of four automated hematology analyzers: a comparative study of differential counts(imprecision and inaccuracy). Am J Clin Pathol 1992;97:345–52.
7
Bain BJ. Diagnosis from the blood smear. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:498–507.
8
Novis DA, Walsh M, Wilkinson D, St Louis M, Ben-EzraJ. Laboratory productivity and the rate of manual peripheral blood smear review. A College of American Pathologists Q-probes study of 95141 complete blood count determinations performed in 263 Institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006;130:596–601.
9
Lawrie D, Payne H, Nieuwoudt M, Glencross DK. Observed full blood count and lymphocyte subset values in a cohort of clinically healthy South African children from a semi-informal settlement in Cape Town. S Afr Med J 2015 Sep 21; 105(7):589-95.
10
Froom P, Neck A, Shir M, Haavis R, Barak M. Automatic laboratory initiated reflex testing to identify patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:129–32.
11
Mustard CA, Kaufert P, Kozyrskyj A, Mayer T. Sex differences in the use of health care services. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1678–83.
12
Harrington AM, Ward PC, Kroft SH. Iron deficiency anemia, beta thalassemia minor and anemia of chronic disease. A morphologic reappraisal. Am J Clin Path 2008; 129:466–71.
13
Buttarello M, Plebani M. Automated blood cell counts. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;130:104–16.
14
Cornbleet PJ. Clinical utility of the band count. Clin Lab Med 2002;22:101–31.
15
Jatoi A, Jaromin R, Jennings L, Nguyen PL. Using the absolute neutrophil count as a standalone test in a hematology/ oncology clinic: an abbreviated test can be preferable. Clin Lab Manage Rev 1998; 12(4):256-60.
16
Warner BA, Reardon DM. A field evaluation of the Coulter STKS. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;95:207-217.
17
Fujimoto K. Principles of measurement in hematology analyzers manufactured by Sysmex Corporation. Sysmex J Int 1999;9:31-40.
18
Hiroyuki I. Overview of automated hematology analyzer XE-2100. Sysmex J Int 1999;9:58-64.
19
Da Costa L. Digital image analysis of blood cells. Clin Lab Med 2015 Mar;35(1):105-22.
20
Stamminger G, Auch D, Diem H, Sinha P. Performance of the XE-2100 leucocyte differential. Clin Lab Haematol 2002; 24(5):271-80.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Maspin Gene Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast
Background: The breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, on the other hand absence of myoepithelial cells play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of this cancer. Thus we aimed to investigate the possible abilities of the molecular assay technique to find a relationship between mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) gene expression possibly secreted by myoepithelial cells, grade of breast cancer and other prognostics factors (ER, PR, and c-erb-B2). Methods: Paraffin embedded blocks of 31 breast cancer patients together with two normal breast tissues were used for IHC staining and Maspin gene RNA detection uses the real-time PCR method. Applying QIAGEN kit, we were able to measure Maspin RNA and Extract the cDNA of different samples for evaluating the Maspin RNA level. Results: We found that the RNA level was considerably lowerin these cancer samples compared with normal samples. In addition, different grades of breast cancer in the obtained results adopt some distinguishable values. The Maspin expression in samples with grades II and III is much lower than the ones in normal group (P<0.05) which could be considered as a promising way in diagnosing of this disease. The results showed no considerable differences in Maspin gene expression of the c-erb-B2 scores in the tumor group except the samples having score 0. The other observation of this research study confirmed that Maspin gene expression couldn't show any differences between the values of both ER and PR in different scores of the tumor group. On the other hand, the cDNA of these patients showed lower values compared with normal samples. Conclusion: Maspin expression was reduced in samples with grade II& III of invasive ductal carcinoma. Based on expression of Maspin Inc-erb-B2, it seems that more expression happened in normal group comparing with different scores of it. We could suggest that there was a reverse relationship between tumor formation and Maspin gene expression. These results showed possible role of Maspin as prognostic factor.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_18556_a3c09bcdc86b5df02b67afab13af3b3e.pdf
2016-04-01
104
111
Breast cancer
Maspin gene
Prognostic factor
Real-time PCR
Iran
Shahriar
Dabiri
dabiri12@yahoo.com
1
Pathology and Stem cell research center,Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammadmehdi
Moeini aghtaei
moini_m@yahoo.com
2
Pathology and Stem cell research center,Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Jahanbano
Shahryari
jshahriari@yahoo.com
3
Pathology and Stem cell research center,Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Manzume
Shamis meymandi
manzume@yahoo.com
4
Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Sahar
Amirpour-Rostami
5
Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Foutohi-Ardekani
rfardacani@gmail.com
6
Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Bailey CM, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Seftor EA, Hendrix MJ. Biological functions of maspin. J Cell Physiol 2006;209(3):617-24.
1
DeSantis C, Siegel R, Bandi P, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2011. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61(6):409-18.
2
Harirchi I, Kolahdoozan S, Karbakhsh M, Chegini N, Mohseni S, Montazeri A, et al. Twenty years of breast cancer in Iran: downstaging without a formal screening program. Ann Oncol 2011;22(1):93-7.
3
Heneghan HM, Miller N, Kelly R, Newell J, Kerin MJ. Systemic miRNA-195 differentiates breast cancer from other malignancies and is a potential biomarker for detecting noninvasive and early stage disease. Oncologist 2010;15(7):673-82.
4
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010;127(12):2893-917.
5
Hortobagyi GN. Can we cure limited metastatic breast cancer? J Clin Oncol 2002;20(3):620-3.
6
Baum M. Modern concepts of the natural history of breast cancer: a guide to the design and publication of trials of the treatment of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013;49(1):60-4.
7
Hojo T, Akiyama Y, Nagasaki K, Maruyama K, Kikuchi K, Ikeda T, et al. Association of maspin expression with the malignancy grade and tumor vascularization in breast cancer tissues. Cancer Lett 2001;171(1):103-10.
8
Karlsson E, Sandelin K, Appelgren J, Zhou W, Jirström K, Bergh J, et al. Clonal alteration of breast cancer receptors between primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and corresponding local events. Europ J Cancer 2014;50(3):517-24.
9
Guarneri V, Broglio K, Kau SW, Cristofanilli M, Buzdar AU, Valero V, et al. Prognostic value of pathologic complete response after primary chemotherapy in relation to hormone receptor status and other factors. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(7):1037-44.
10
Kong W, Richards T, Cheng JQ, Coppola D. Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Breast Cancer. Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Cancer: Springer; 2014. p. 57-73.
11
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61(2):69-90.
12
Rakha E, Soria D, Lemetre C, Green A, Powe D, Nolan C, et al. Nottingham prognostic index plus (NPI+): a modern clinical decision making tool in breast cancer. Brit J Cancer 2013.
13
Strati A, Kasimir-Bauer S, Markou A, Parisi C, Lianidou ES. Comparison of three molecular assays for the detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013;15(2):R20.
14
Nagalla S, Chou JW, Willingham MC, Ruiz J, Vaughn JP, Dubey P, et al. Interactions between immunity, proliferation and molecular subtype in breast cancer prognosis. Genome Biol 2013;14(4):R34.
15
Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Christian AL, Kirschmann DA, Edwards EM, Rezaie-Thompson M, Vasef MA, et al. Regulating the tumor suppressor gene maspin in breast cancer cells: a potential mechanism for the anticancer properties of tamoxifen. Clinl Cancer Res 2004;10(2):449-54.
16
Khalkhali-Ellis Z. Maspin: the new frontier. Clinl Cancer Res 2006;12(24):7279-83.
17
Goulet B, Kennette W, Ablack A, Postenka CO, Hague MN, Mymryk JS, et al. Nuclear localization of maspin is essential for its inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Lab Investigat 2011;91(8):1181-7.
18
Lefebvre KJ, Assadian S, El-Assaad W, Teodoro JG. Regulation of Angiogenesis by Tumour Suppressor Pathways. Experimental and Clinical Metastasis: Springer; 2013. p. 79-99.
19
Berardi R, Morgese F, Onofri A, Mazzanti P, Pistelli M, Ballatore Z, et al. Role of maspin in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2013;2(1):8.
20
Sheng S, Carey J, Seftor EA, Dias L, Hendrix M, Sager R. Maspin acts at the cell membrane to inhibit invasion and motility of mammary and prostatic cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1996;93(21):11669-74.
21
Pföhler C, Knöpflen T, Körner R, Vogt T, Rösch A, Müller CS. Maspin expression in the invasive margin of primary melanomas may reflect an aggressive tumor phenotype. JDDG: J Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 2013;11(10):993-9.
22
Korhonen R, Linker K, Pautz A, Forstermann U, Moilanen E, Kleinert H. Post-transcriptional regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by the Jun N-terminal kinase. Mol Pharmacol 2007;71(5):1427-34.
23
Kim DH, Yoon DS, Dooley WC, Nam ES, Ryu JW, Jung KC, et al. Association of maspin expression with the high histological grade and lymphocyte-rich stroma in early-stage breast cancer. Histopathology 2003;42(1):37-42.
24
Umekita Y, Yoshida H. Expression of maspin is up‐regulated during the progression of mammary ductal carcinoma. Histopathology 2003;42(6):541-5.
25
Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Sagara Y, Yoshida H. Expression of maspin predicts poor prognosis in breast-cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2002;100(4):452-5.
26
Lee MJ, Suh CH, Li ZH. Clinicopathological significance of maspin expression in breast cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2006;21(2):309-14.
27
Stark AM, Schem C, Maass N, Hugo H, Jonat W, Mehdorn HM, et al. Expression of metastasis suppressor gene maspin is reduced in breast cancer brain metastases and correlates with the estrogen receptor status. Neurol Res 2010;32(3):303-8.
28
Maass N, Hojo T, Rösel F, Ikeda T, Jonat W, Nagasaki K. Down regulation of the tumor suppressor gene maspin in breast carcinoma is associated with a higher risk of distant metastasis. Clin Biochem 2001;34(4):303-7.
29
Odero-Marah VA, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Chunthapong J, Amir S, Seftor RE, Seftor EA, et al. Maspin regulates different signaling pathways for motility and adhesion in aggressive breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Therapy 2003;2(4):398-403.
30
Affara NI, Coussens LM. IKKα at the crossroads of inflammation and metastasis. Cell 2007;129(1):25-6.
31
Law RH, Irving JA, Buckle AM, Ruzyla K, Buzza M, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich TA, et al. The high resolution crystal structure of the human tumor suppressor maspin reveals a novel conformational switch in the G-helix. J Biol Chem 2005;280(23):22356-64.
32
Sopel M, Kasprzyk I, Berdowska I. Maspin and c-erbB-2 expression in correlation with microvessel density in invasive ductal breast cancer. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 2011;43(2):109-8.
33
Mohsin SK, Zhang M, Clark GM, Craig Allred D. Maspin expression in invasive breast cancer: association with other prognostic factors. J Pathol 2003;199(4):432-5.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Designing and construction of a DNA vaccine encoding tb10.4 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains as a major cause of death around the world. Construction of a new vaccine against tuberculosis is an effective way to control it. Several vaccines against this disease have been developed. The aim of the present study was to cloning of tb10.4 gene in pcDNA3.1+ plasmid and evaluation of its expression in eukaryotic cells. Methods: Firstly, tb10.4 fragment was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes. Next, it was cloned into pcDNA3.1+ plasmid. Following that, pcDNA3.1+/tb10.4 recombinant plasmid was transfected into eukaryotic cells. Results: 5700 bp band for pcDNA3.1+/tb10.4 recombinant plasmid and 297 bp fragment for tb10.4 were observed. Cloning and transfection were successful and designed recombinant vector was confirmed by sequencing. Conclusion: Successful cloning provides a basis for the development of new DNA vaccines against tuberculosis. In the current study, the aim was cloning of tb10.4 gene in pcDNA3.1+ plasmid and transfection into eukaryotic cells.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19272_83b5f50c61366dee075e9cfecfc73323.pdf
2016-04-01
112
119
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tb10.4
DNA Vaccine
Samira
Rashidian
rashidianr901@mums.ac.ir
1
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Roghayeh
Teimourpour
teimourpourr881@mums.ac.ir
2
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Zahra
Meshkat
meshkatz@mums.ac.ir
3
Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Skjot RLV, Brock I, Arend SM, Munk ME, Theisen M, Ottenhoff THM, et al. Epitope Mapping of the Immunodominant Antigen TB10.4 and the Two Homologous Proteins TB10.3 and TB12.9, Which Constitute a Subfamily of the esat-6 Gene Family. Infect Immun 2002;70(10):5446-53.
1
Sun R, Skeiky YA, Izzo A, Dheenadhayalan V, Imam Z, Penn E, et al. Novel recombinant BCG expressing perfringolysin O and the over-expression of key immunodominant antigens; pre-clinical characterization, safety and protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2009;27(33):4412-23.
2
D'Souza S, Denis O, Scorza T, Nzabintwali F, Verschueren H, Huygen K. CD4+ T cells contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of CD8+ T cells in mice vaccinated with DNA encoding Ag85A. Eur J Immunol 2000;30(9):2455-9.
3
Kamath A, Woodworth JS, Behar SM. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and the development of central memory during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol 2006;177(9):6361-9.
4
Tang D-c, DeVit M, Johnston SA. Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 1992;356(6365):152-4.
5
Huygen K. Plasmid DNA vaccination. Microbes Infect 2005;7(5-6):932-8.
6
Baldwin S, D'souza C, Orme I, Liu M, Huygen K, Denis O, et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding secreted and non-secreted forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A. Tubercle Lung Dis 1999;79(4):251-9.
7
Lu J, Wang C, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Cao T, Shi C, et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy against murine tuberculosis of a prime-boost regimen with BCG and a DNA vaccine expressing ESAT-6 and Ag85A fusion protein. Clin Dev Immunol 2011;2011:617892.
8
Carlotta Montagnani EC, Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino. Vaccine against tuberculosis: what’s new? BMC Infect Dis 2014;14(Suppl 1):1471-2334.
9
Mu J, Jeyanathan M, Small CL, Zhang X, Roediger E, Feng X, et al. Immunization with a bivalent adenovirus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine provides markedly improved protection over its monovalent counterpart against pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Ther 2009;17(6):1093-100.
10
Kate W. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. 1997:2.4.1-2.4.5. Online ISBN: 9780471142720. DOI: 10.1002/0471142727
11
Brown T. Gene cloning and DNA analysis an introduction. Oxford United Kingdown: Blackwell. 2006.
12
Fan X, Gao Q, Fu R. Differential immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a mouse model. Microbiol Res 2009;164(4):374-82.
13
Kato-Maeda M, Rhee JT, Gingeras TR, Salamon H, Drenkow J, Smittipat N, et al. Comparing genomes within the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Genome Res 2001;11(4):547-54.
14
Chen X OZ, Xie XL, Xu ZZ, Jiao XA. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis TB10.4 antigen. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014 Dec;33(6):444-7.
15
Sassetti CM, Boyd DH, Rubin EJ. Genes required for mycobacterial growth defined by high density mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol 2003;48(1):77-84.
16
Hervas-Stubbs S, Majlessi L, Simsova M, Morova J, Rojas MJ, Nouze C, et al. High frequency of CD4+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 protein correlates with protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2006;74(6):3396-407.
17
Dietrich J, Aagaard C, Leah R, Olsen AW, Stryhn A, Doherty TM, et al. Exchanging ESAT6 with TB10.4 in an Ag85B fusion molecule-based tuberculosis subunit vaccine: efficient protection and ESAT6-based sensitive monitoring of vaccine efficacy. J Immunol 2005;174(10):6332-9.
18
Truc Hoang CA, Jes Dietrich, Joseph P. Cassidy, Gregory Dolganov, Gary K. Schoolnik, Carina Vingsbo Lundberg, Else Marie Agger, Peter Andersen. ESAT-6 (EsxA) and TB10.4 (EsxH) Based Vaccines for Pre- and Post-Exposure Tuberculosis Vaccination. Plos One 2013 Dec;8(12):e80579.
19
Ilghari D, Lightbody KL, Veverka V, Waters LC, Muskett FW, Renshaw PS, et al. Solution structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxG.EsxH complex: functional implications and comparisons with other M. tuberculosis Esx family complexes. J Biol Chem 2011;286(34):29993-30002.
20
Desta Kassa LR, Wudneh Geberemeskel, Mekashaw Tebeje et al. Analysis of Immune Responses against a Wide Range of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Dec;19(12):1907–15.
21
MacMicking JD, Taylor GA, McKinney JD. Immune control of tuberculosis by IFN-γ-inducible LRG-47 .Science 2003;302(5645):654-9.
22
Vandal OH, Pierini LM, Schnappinger D, Nathan CF, Ehrt S. A membrane protein preserves intrabacterial pH in intraphagosomal Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Med 2008;14(8):849-54.
23
Tessema M, Koets A, Rutten V, Gruys E. Bacteriology: Review paratuberculosis: How does mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis resist intracellular degradation? Vet Quarter 2001;23(4):153-62.
24
Skjøt RLV, Oettinger T, Rosenkrands I, Ravn P, Brock I, Jacobsen S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Low-Molecular-Mass Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identifies Members of the ESAT-6 Family as Immunodominant T-Cell Antigens. Inf Immunol 2000;68(1):214-20.
25
Palomino JC LS, Ritacco V. Tuberculosis from basic science to patient care. Belgium, Brazil, Argentina eBook 2007:93-189.
26
Young D, Dye C. The development and impact of tuberculosis vaccines. Cell 2006;124(4):683-7.
27
Gupta UD, Katoch VM, McMurray DN. Current status of TB vaccines. Vaccine 2007;25(19):3742-51.
28
Brennan MJ. The tuberculosis vaccine challenge. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005;85(1-2):7-12.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Correlation between Gleason scores in needle biopsy and corresponding radical prostatectomy specimens. A twelve-year review.
Background: Presence of discordance between the Gleason score on needle biopsy and the score of radical prostatectomy specimen is common and universal. In this study, we determined the accuracy of Gleason grading of biopsies in predicting histological grading of radical prostatectomy specimens and the degree of overgrading and undergrading of prostatic adenocarcinoma in our center, which is one of the referral centers in Tehran. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the results of prostate needle biopsies and subsequent prostatectomies diagnosed at the Pathobiology Laboratory Center, Tehran, Iran in 45 patients between 2002 and 2013. Preoperative clinical data and theinformation from biopsy and prostatectomy specimens were collected.The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of different grades and groups were assessed. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to determine the relation of different variables. Results: The biopsy Gleason score was identical to the scores in prostatectomy specimens in 68.2% cases, while 31.8% were discrepant by 1 or 2 Gleason score. We had 9.1% downgrading and 22.7% cases upgraded after prostatectomy. The sensitivity and positive predictive value was 86% and 79% for low grade, 67% and 75% for moderate grade, and 80% and 80% for high-grade tumors, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the reliability of Gleason grading of needle biopsies in predicting final pathology was satisfavory. Moderate grade group was the most difficult to diagnose in needle biopsy.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19273_0b67bc6df6e822063a3ac3777439213b.pdf
2016-04-01
120
126
Adenocarcinoma
Gleason
Overgrading
Prostatic neoplasms
Undergrading
Maliheh
Khoddami
malihehkhoddami@yahoo.com
1
Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
yassaman
Khademi
yassamankhademi@yahoo.com
2
APCP, Pathobiology Laboratory Center, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Kazemi Aghdam
m_kazemi_aghdam@yahoo.com
3
Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Haleh
Soltanghoraee
soltan@avicenna.ac.ir
4
APCP, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ro JY, Kim K-R, Shen SS, Amin MB, Ayala AG. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the male genital tract. In: Fletcher CDM, editor. Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013.
1
Gleason DF. Classification of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Rep 1966; 50(3):125-8.
2
Amin MB, Grignon DJ, Humphery PA, Srigley JR. Gleason grading of prostate cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
3
King CR.Patterns of prostate cancer biopsy grading: Trends and clinical implications. IJC 2000; 90(6):305-11.
4
Humphrey PA. Prostate pathology. Chicago: ASCP Press; 2003.
5
Cohen MS, Hanley RS, Kurteva T, Ruthazer R, Silverman ML, Sorcini A, et al. Comparing the Gleason prostate biopsy and Gleason prostatectomy grading system: The Lahey Clinic Medical Center Experience and an International Meta-Analysis. Eur Urol 2008; 54(2):371-81.
6
Fine SW, Epstein JI. A Contemporary Study Correlating Prostate Needle Biopsy and Radical Prostatectomy Gleason Score. J Urol 2008; 179(4):1335-9.
7
Memis A, Ugurlu O, Ozden C, Oztekin CV, Aktas BK, Akdemir AO. The correlation among the percentage of positive biopsy cores from the dominant side of prostate, adverse pathology, and biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27(8):307-13.
8
Müntener M, Epstein JI, Hernandez DJ, Gonzalgo ML, Mangold L, Humphreys E, et al. Prognostic significance of Gleason score discrepancies between needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2008; 53(4):767-76.
9
Bostwik DG. Gleason grading of prostatic needle biopsies. Correlation with grade in 316 matched prostatectomies. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18(8):796-803.
10
Steinberg DM, Sauvageot J, Piantadosi S, Epstein JI. Correlation of prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason grade in academic and community settings. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21(5):566-76.
11
Cookson MS, Fleshner NE, Soloway SM, Fair RF. Correlation between Gleason score of needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens: Accuracy and clinical implications. J Urol 1997; 157(2):559-62.
12
Rubin MA, Dunn R, Kambham N, Misick CP, O’Toole KM. Should a Gleason score be assigned to a minute focus of carcinoma on prostate biopsy? Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24(12):1634-40.
13
Lange PH, Narayan P. Understaging and undergrading of prostate cancer. Urology 1983; 21(2):113-8.
14
Garnett JE, Oyasu R, Grayhack JT. The accuracy of diagnostic biopsy specimen in predicting tumor grades by Gleason's classification of radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 1984; 131(4):690-3.
15
Mills SE, Fowler JE. Gleason histologic grading of prostatic carcinoma. Correlation between biopsy and prostatectomy specimens. Cancer 1986; 57(2):346-9.
16
Epstein JI, Netto GJ. Biopsy interpretation of the prostate. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
17
Ruijter E, Van Leenders G, Miller G, Debruyne F, Van de Kaa C. Errors in histological grading by prostatic needle biopsy specimens: frequency and predisposing factors. J Pathol 2000; 192(2):229-33.
18
Gleason DF. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: a perspective. Hum Pathol 1992; 23(3):273–79.
19
Divrik RT, Eroğlu, A, Şahin A, ZorluF, Özen H. Increasing the number of biopsies increases the concordance of Gleason scores of needle biopsies and prostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 2007; 25(5):376-82.
20
Freeman A. Perineural and lymphovascular invasion on prostatic biopsy: Pathological assessment and significance. Surg Oncol 2009; 18(3):200-2.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Immunogenicity of Four Doses of Double-Strength Intramuscular Hepatitis B
Background: Hepatitis B virus potentially accelerates graft rejection and mortality in renal transplantation population. Vaccination of graft candidates without prior immunization against HBV seems essential before transplantation but some candidates of transplantation have not received HBV vaccine at the time of receiving graft. We aimed to evaluate immunogenicity of an enhanced regimen (4 doses of double-strength intramuscular shots) after kidney transplantation in candidates without history of prior HBV vaccination. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted, 49 renal graft recipients in Sina Hospital (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran) of age >18, receiving graft within past 6 months and negative history of hepatitis B vaccination from 2010-2011. Participants received 40 μg intramuscular (IM) shots of a recombinant vaccine in the months 0, 1, 2 and 6. The titer of HBsAb was measured 8 weeks after the 3rd and 4th injections. Cases with HBsAb titers less than 10 mIu/ml were considered as non-responder while antiHBs≥10 mIu/ml was considered protective. Results: The overall response rate was 57.14% (28/49 patients). Protective HBsAb titers were detected in 44.89% patients following 3rd dose and reached to 57.14% after injecting the 4th shots. The mean HBsAb titers were 50.00 (±88.35) mIu/ml and 229.45 (±356.56) mIu/ml after the 3rd and 4th shots respectively. Responders showed significantly younger age in comparison to non-responders (P=0.013). The vaccine was well tolerated in all patients with no side effects. Conclusions: Regarding the relative good response rate following HBV vaccination in graft recipients, we suggest a post-transplantation enhanced regimen of 4-dose double-strength IM shots against HBV in patients without prior immunization.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19274_245980c818574bcd3fe6367f8b918c18.pdf
2016-04-01
127
132
Hepatitis B vaccine
Kidney transplantation
Immunogenicity
Double-strength
Intramuscular
Seyed Ali Asghar
Fakhrmousavi
a.fakhrmousavi@yahoo.com
1
Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Azar
Hadadi
hadadiaz@tums.ac.ir
2
Research Development Center, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Hamed
Hosseini
hmdhosseini@gmail.com
3
Research Development Center, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Rahbar
bbrh53@gmail.com
4
Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Hamidian
bbrh53@yahoo.com
5
Research Development Center, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amitis
Ramezani
amitisramezani@hotmail.com
6
Clinical Research Dept., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Pourmand
gh_pourmand@hotmail.com
7
Urology Research Center, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Effat
Razeghi
desiredesire75@yahoo.com
8
Urology Research Center, Sina hospital, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vallet-Pichard A, Fontaine H, Mallet V, Pol S. Viral hepatitis in solid organ transplantation other than liver. J Hepatol 2011; 55:474-482.
1
Weikert BC, Blumberg EA. Viral infection after renal transplantation: surveillance and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3 suppl 2:S76-86.
2
Agarwal SK. Hepatitis B infection during renal replacement therapy. Hepat Mon 2010;10: 255-257.
3
Teo EK, Lok ASF. Hepatitis B virus vaccination. 2012. Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-b-virus-vaccination. Accessed: 29 July 2013.
4
Etemadi J, Somi MH, Ardalan MR, Hashemi SS, Soltani GG, Shoja MM. Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B infection among hemodialysis patients in Tabriz: a multicenter report. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2012;23:609-613.
5
Burdick RA, Bragg-Gresham JL, Woods JD, Hedderwick SA, Kurokawa K, Combe C, et al. Patterns of hepatitis prevalence and seroconversion in hemodialysis units from three continents: the DOOPS. Kidney Int 2003;63:2222-9.
6
Gane E, Pilmore H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2002;74:427-437.
7
Tsai MC, Chen YT, Chien YS, Chen TC, Hu TH. Hepatitis B virus infection and renal transplant. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:3878-3887.
8
Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V, Kanwal F, Dulai G. HBsAg seropositive status and survival after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Transplant 2005;5:2913-2921.
9
Chan TM, Chapman J, Lee CJ, Morad Z, Ona ET, Park K, et al. A survey on the prevalence and management of hepatitis B after renal transplantation in Asian-Pacific countries. Transplant Proc 2004;36:2126-2127.
10
Urbini Dos Santos C, Sevá-Pereira T, Alves-Filho G, Lorena SL, Soares EC, Mazzali M. Changes in serological markers of hepatitis B virus after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2008;40:749-751.
11
Jacobson IM, Jaffers G, Dienstag JL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cosimi AB, Delmonico F et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1985;39:393-395.
12
Choy BY, Peiris JS, Chan TM, Lo SK, Lui SL, Lai KN. Immunogenicity of intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2002;2:965-969.
13
Serrano B, Bayas JM, Bruni L, Diez C. Solid organ transplantation and response to vaccination. Vaccine 2007;25:7331-7338.
14
Feuerhake A, Muller R, Lauchart W, Pichlmayr R, Schmidt FW. HBV-vaccination in recipients of kidney allografts. Vaccine 1984;2:255-256.
15
Lefebure AF, Verpooten GA, Couttenye MM, De Broe ME. Immunogenicity of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in renal transplant patients. Vaccine 1993;11:397-399.
16
Kotton CN, Fishman JA. Viral Infection in the Renal Transplant Recipient. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1758-1774.
17
Chaabane NB, Loghmari H, Melki W, Hellara O, Safer L, Bdioui F et al. Chronic viral hepatitis and kidney failure. Presse Med 2008;37:665-678. [Abstract]
18
Vlassopoulos D. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccination in renal failure patients. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2003;4:141-151.
19
Bock M, Barros E, Veronese FJ. Hepatitis B vaccination in haemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Nephrology (carlton) 2009;14:267-272.
20
Ramezani A, Velayati AA, Eslamifar A, Banifazl M, Ahmadi F, Maziar S et al. Persistence of hepatitis B vaccine immunity in hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial 2008;12:143-146.
21
Potsangbam G, Yadav A, Chandel N, Rathi M, Sharma A, Kohli HS. Challenges in containing the burden of hepatitis B infection in dialysis and transplant patients in India. . Nephrology (carlton) 2011;16:383-388.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Can Trimodal Distribution of HbS Levels in Sickle Cell Traits Be Used To Predict the Associated Alpha-Thalassemia For Screening Cases in Central India?
Background: Until now, trimodal distribution of HbS has been seen by six different studies in the world when associated with alpha-thalassemia with confirmation by corresponding alpha-genotyping studies. The RBC indices reduce as alpha-globin genes reduce in sickle cell trait (SCT) patients, which decreases the extent of intra-vascular sickling and thus betters the clinical course of the patients. This is a pioneer study conducted on Central Indian poor population to use the already proven six studies to screen associated alpha-thalassemia in SCT patients thus, circumventing the much costlier alpha-genotyping studies. Moreover, it aimed to study the haematological parameters in such cases. Methods: The study was performed at RHDMC, IGGMC, Nagpur, India from 2003 to 2012. The sample population was suspected cases of haemolytic anaemia. CBC and RBC indices were obtained by a cell analyzer. The sickle solubility test positively screened cases were confirmed by agar-gel haemoglobin electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Finally, quantitative assessment of haemoglobin variants was performed by HPLC. Results: Out of total 5819 cases over ten years, 933 cases were sickle heterozygotes. Overall, 180/933 subjects were predicted to be homozygous alpha-thalassemia and 338/933 were heterozygous alpha-thalassemia, based on trimodal distribution of HbS. Conclusion: Genotyping is costlier for majority of the poor non-affording patients in Indian government set-ups, so this study is suitable to screen for associated alpha-thalassemia in SCT patients.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_18957_0bcfdfdf0617b85acef6b075b4b8792d.pdf
2016-04-01
133
137
Trimodal distribution
HbS
alpha-thalassaemia
Sickle cell trait
MCH
MCV
MCHC
Bhushan
Warpe
bhushan.warpe@gmail.com
1
Regional Haemoglobinopathy Detection & Management Centre (RHDMC), Department of Pathology, IGGMCH, Nagpur City-Maharashtra State, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
AV
Shrikhande
bushan.warpe@gmail.com
2
Regional Haemoglobinopathy Detection & Management Centre (RHDMC), Department of Pathology, IGGMCH, Nagpur City-Maharashtra State, India
AUTHOR
SV
Poflee
shraddha27.more@gmail.com
3
Regional Haemoglobinopathy Detection & Management Centre (RHDMC), Department of Pathology, IGGMCH, Nagpur City-Maharashtra State, India
AUTHOR
Higgs DR, Weatherall DJ. The alpha thalassaemias. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66(7): 1154–62.
1
Weatherall DJ. Hemoglobinopathies worldwide: present and future. Curr Mol Med 2008; 8(7): 592–9.
2
Lukens JN. The thalassemias and related disorders: quantitative disorders of hemoglobin synthesis. In: Lee GR, Foerster J, Lukens J, Paraskevas F, Greer JP, Rodgers GM, editors. Wintrobe's clinical hematology. 10th ed. Egypt: Mass Publishing C; 1999. pp. 1405–48.
3
Shaji RV, Eunice SE, Baidya S, Srivastava A, Chandy M. Determination of the breakpoint and molecular diagnosis of a common alpha-thalassaemia-1 deletion in the Indian population. Br J Hematol 2003;123(5): 942–7.
4
Mukherjee MB, Lu CY, Ducrocq R, Gangakhedkar RR, Colah RB, Kadam MD, et al. The effect of alpha-thalassemia on sickle-cell anemia linked to the Arab-Indian haplotype in India. Am J Hematol 1997; 55(2): 104–9.
5
Modell B, Darlison M. Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86(6): 480–7.
6
López C, Saravia C, Gomez A, Hoebeke J, Patarroyo MA. Mechanisms of genetically-based resistance to malaria. Gene 2010; 467(1-2): 1-12.
7
Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, et al. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality. Lancet 2002; 359(9314): 1311–2.
8
Steinberg MH, Embury SH. Alpha-Thalassemia in blacks: genetic and clinical aspects and interactions with the sickle cell haemoglobin gene. Blood 1986; 68(5): 985–90.
9
De Ceulaer K, Higgs DR, Weatherall DJ, Hayes RJ, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR.Alpha-Thalassemia reduces the hemolytic rate in homozygous sickle-cell disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 309(3):189–90.
10
Brittenham G, Lozoff B, Harris JW, Sharma VS, Narasimhan S. Sickle cell anemia and trait in a population of southern India. Am J Hematol 1977; 2(1): 25-32.
11
Brittenham G, Lozoff B, Harris JW, Mayson SM, Miller A, Huisman TH. Sickle cell anemia and trait in southern India: further studies. Am J Hematol 1979; 6(2): 107-23.
12
Abraham EC, Huisman TH. Difference in affinity of variant beta chains for alpha chains: a possible explanation for the variation in the percentage of beta chain variants in heterozygotes. Hemoglobin 1977; 1(8): 861-73.
13
Huisman TH. Trimodality in the percentage of beta chain variant in heterozygotes: the effect of the number of active Hb alpha structural loci. Haemoglobin 1977; 1(4): 349-82.
14
Embury SH, Dozy AM. Correlation of α-globin phenotype with haematologic parameters in sickle cell trait. Blood 54: suppl. 1, p. 53 (1979).
15
Wong WC, Ali MA, Boyadjian SE. Sickle Cell trait in Canada-Trimodal Distribution of Hb S as a result of Interaction withalpha thalassaemia gene. Acta Hematol 1981; 65(3):157-63.
16
El-Hazmi MA. Studies on sickle cell heterozygotes in Saudi Arabia- Interaction with alphathalassaemia. Acta Haematol1986; 75(2): 100-4.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Molecular Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum from Prostate Tissues using PCR-RFLP, Tehran, Iran
Background: In most cases, prostatitis can be caused by a bacterial agent such as Ureaplasma urealyticum. Considering to the cumbersome of the culture method for the detection of Ureaplasma species in clinical samples such as prostate; PCR method that is faster and more appropriate than the cultivation methods, can be utilized for the detection of U. urealyticum and U. parvum. PCR-RFLP method can differentiate both biovars and assist in studies of the clinical diagnosis, epidemiology and pathology of this species in human. The aim of this study was to molecular detection of U. urealyticumin in prostate tissue samples based on PCR- RFLP. Methods:Two hundred prostate tissue samples were collected from patient suffering from prostatitis. The PCR assay was used to amplify a 559 bp fragment of 16S-23SRNA interspace region of Ureaplasma. After sequencing, PCR products from positive samples were digested with TaqI restriction enzyme. Results: Seven cases (3.5%) out of 200 prostate tissue samples were positive for U. urealyticum. Results of PCR products sequencing demonstrated that all isolates were U. parvum biovar. PCR-RFLP results shown that there was not any differentiation in pattern of enzymatic digestion, in addition, all isolates were U. parvum, serovar 3. Conclusion: U. urealyticum can be one of the causing agents of prostatitis. Using PCR-RFLP with specific primer and restriction enzyme is a rapid and cost-effect method for detection and differentiation of Ureaplasma from clinical samples.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19275_f2c5c2653487c9b8c1f4dc4160adeaaa.pdf
2016-04-01
138
143
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureaplasma parvum
PCR-RFLP
Prostatitis
Prostate tissue
Gholamreza
Irajian
dr.irajian@gmail.com
1
Dept. of Microbiology, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehri
Sharifi
neda.sharifi83@gmail.com
2
Dept. of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Shiva
Mirkalantari
sh_mirkalantari@yahoo.com
3
Dept. of Microbiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Mirnejad
rmirnejad@yahoo.com
4
Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad reza Jalali
Nadoushan
jalalinadooshan@yahoo.com
5
Dept. of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Domingue G, Hellstrom WP. Prostatistis. Clinical Microbiology Reviewes 1998;604-13.
1
Škerk V. Azithromycin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by traditional and unusual pathogens. 20th Europea Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2010.
2
Brunner H, Weidner W, Schiefer HG. Studies on the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in prostatitis. J Infect Dis 1983;147(5):807-13.
3
Domingues D, Tavira LT, Duarte A, Sanca A, Prieto E, Exposto F. Ureaplasma urealyticum Biovar Determination in Women Attending a Family Planning Clinic in Guiné-Bissau, Using Polymerase Chain Reaction of the Multiple-Banded Antigen Gene. J Clin Lab Anal 2002;16:71-5.
4
Yi J, Yoon B, Kim EC. Detection and biovar discrimination of Ureaplasmaurealyticum by real-time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19(4):225-60.
5
Pitcher D, Sillis M, Robertson J. Simple Method for Determining Biovar and Serovar Types of Ureaplasma urealyticum Clinical Isolates Using PCR–Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; l39(5):1840-4.
6
Stellrecht KA, WoronAM, Mishrik NG, Venezia RA. Comparison of multiplex PCR assay with culture detection of genital mycoplasmas. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1528-33.
7
Farrell JJ, Larson JA, Akeson JW, Lowery KS, Rounds MA, Sampath R, et al.Ureaplasmaparvum prosthetic joint infection detected by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2248-50.
8
Petrikkos G, Hadjisoteriou M, Daikos G. PCR versus culture in the detection of vaginal Ureaplasmaurealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Int J Gynecol Obstetr 2007;97(3):202-3.
9
Ota M, Asamura H, Oki T, Sada M. Restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 578:405-14.
10
Rasmussen H. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of PCR-Amplified Fragments (PCR-RFLP) and Gel Electrophoresis – Valuable Tool for Genotyping and Genetic Fingerprinting In: Magdeldin, editor. Principles and Basics. InTech Publication. 2012.
11
Harasawa R, Kanamoto Y. Differentiation of two biovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum based on the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37(12):4135-8.
12
Eslami G, Goudarzi H, Baseri N, Ghalavand Z, Taherpour A, Zhaam H, et al. The Prevalence of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Genitalium in Patients with Prostate Cancer in Shohada Hospital in Tehran, Iran. NBM 2015; 2: 73-8
13
Viscardi R. Ureaplasma species: Role in Diseases of Prematurity. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37(2):393-409.
14
Choi YS, Kim KS, Choi SW, Kim S,Bae WJ, Cho HJ, et al. Microbiological etiology of bacterial prostatistis in general hospital and primary care clinic in korea. Prostate Int 2013; 1(3):133-8.
15
Vaidyanathan R, Mishra V. Chronic Prostatitis: Current Concept. Indian J Urol 2008; 24(1):22-7.
16
Naher HS, Said IH. Culturing and PCR Methods for Detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Women with Genitourinary Tract Infections. Int Res J Med Sci 2013;1(3):25-9.
17
Waites KB, Xiao L, ParalanovV, Viscardi RM, Glass JI. Molecular methods for the detection of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infection in humans. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14(5):437-50.
18
Lee MK, Kim TH, Lee M. Detection of Cryptic Microorganisms in Patients with Chronic Prostatitis by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Korean J Urol 2007;48(3):304-9. doi: 10.4111/kju.2007.48.3.304.
19
Lee SR, Chung JM, Kim YJ. Rapid one step detection of pathogenic bacteria in urine with sexually transmitted disease (STD) and prostatitis patient by multiplex PCR assay (mPCR). J Microbiol 2007; 45(5):453-9.
20
Kong F, Zhenfang MA, James G, Gordon S,Gilbert GL. Species Identification and Subtyping of Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum Using PCR-Based Assays. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(3):1175-79.
21
Povlsen K, Jensen JS, Lind I. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum by PCR and Biovar Determination by Liquid Hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36(11):3211-216.
22
Mander R, Raukas E, Turk S, Korrovits P, Punab M. Mycoplasmas in semen of chronic prostatistis patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2005;39(6):479-82.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparing Rapid and Specific Detection of Brucella in Clinical Samples by PCR-ELISA and Multiplex-PCR Method
Background: Rapid diagnosis and differentiation of Brucella is of high importance due to the side effects of antibiotics for the treatment of brucellosis. This study aimed to identify and compare PCR-ELISA as a more accurate diagnositc test with other common molecular and serological tests. Methods: In this experimental and sectional study, during March 2014 to Sep 2015, 52 blood samples of suspected patients with clinical symptoms of brucellosis were evaluated in medical centers all over Iran with serum titers higher than 1:80. Using two pairs of specific primers of Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and DIG-dUTP, Fragment IS711 (The common gene fragment in B. melitensis and B. abortus) was amplified. DIG-ELISA was performed using specific probes of these 2 species of Brucella and patterns were subsequently analyzed, then positive responses were compared by detecting gel electrophoresis. Results: PCR-ELISA method detected all 28 samples from 52 positive samples. Its sensitivity was 6.0 pg concentration of genomic DNA of Brucella. In gel electrophoresis method, 22 samples of all positive samples were detected. PCR-ELISA was more efficient than PCR and bacterial culture method at P-value Conclusion: PCR-ELISA molecular method is more sensitive than other molecular methods, lack of mutagenic color and also a semi-quantitative ability. This method is more effective and more accurate compared to PCR, serology and culture of bacteria. PCR-ELISA does not have false responses. The limitation of this method is detection of bacteria in the genus compared to Multiplex PCR and Gel Electrophoresis.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19276_07fea34fa907ee2c85389206ec6c1e53.pdf
2016-04-01
144
150
Brucella melitensis
Brucella abortus
PCR
ELISA
Sharareh
Mohammad Hasani
shararehmh2006@gmail.com
1
Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Mirnejad
rmirnejad@bmsu.ac.ir
2
Molecular Biology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vahhab
Piranfar
vahab.p@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
AUTHOR
Jafar
Amani
jafar.amani@gmail.com
4
Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohamad javad
Vafadar
shararehmh206@gmail.com
5
Baqiyatallah Hospital, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. iran
AUTHOR
Mirnejad R, Hosseini Doust R, Kachuei R, Mortazavi SM, Khoobdel M, Ahamadi A. Simultaneous detection and differentiates of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis by combinatorial PCR. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2012;5(1):24-8.
1
Mirnejad R, Mohamadi M, Piranfar V, Mortazavi SM, Kachuei R. A duplex PCR for rapid and simultaneous detection of Brucella spp. in human blood samples. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013;6(6):453-6.
2
Mohamed Zahidi J, Bee Yong T, Hashim R, Mohd Noor A, Hamzah SH, Ahmad N. Identification of Brucella spp. isolated from human brucellosis in Malaysia using high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;81(4):227-33.
3
Piranfar V, Sharif M, Hashemi M, Vahdati AR, Mirnejad R. Detection and discrimination of two Brucella species by multiplex real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis curve from human blood and comparison of results using RFLP. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2015;18(9):909-14.
4
Trangoni MD, Gioffre AK, Ceron Cucchi ME, Caimi KC, Ruybal P, Zumarraga MJ, et al. LAMP technology: Rapid identification of Brucella and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Braz J Microbiol 2015;46(2):619-26.
5
Parlak M, Akbayram S, Dogan M, Tuncer O, Bayram Y, Ceylan N, et al. Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of 496 children with brucellosis in Van, Turkey. Pediatr Int 2015;57(4):586-9.
6
Mugizi DR, Muradrasoli S, Boqvist S, Erume J, Nasinyama GW, Waiswa C, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of Brucella isolates in cattle milk in Uganda. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:720413.
7
Coelho AC, Garcia Diez J. Biological Risks and Laboratory-Acquired Infections: A Reality That Cannot be Ignored in Health Biotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015;3:56.
8
Dieste-Perez L, Blasco JM, de Miguel MJ, Moriyon I, Munoz PM. Diagnostic performance of serological tests for swine brucellosis in the presence of false positive serological reactions. J Microbiol Methods 2015;111:57-63.
9
Yu WL, Nielsen K. Review of detection of Brucella spp. by polymerase chain reaction. Croat Med J. 2010;51(4):306-13.
10
Godfroid J, Nielsen K, Saegerman C. Diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife. Croat Med J 2010;51(4):296-305.
11
Romero C, Pardo M, Grillo MJ, Diaz R, Blasco JM, Lopez-Goni I. Evaluation of PCR and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on milk samples for diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cattle. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33(12):3198-200.
12
Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H. The detection of Brucella spp. using PCR-ELISA and real-time PCR assays. Clin Lab 2004;50(7-8):387-94.
13
Coutlee F, Bobo L, Mayur K, Yolken RH, Viscidi RP. Immunodetection of DNA with biotinylated RNA probes: a study of reactivity of a monoclonal antibody to DNA-RNA hybrids. Anal Biochem 1989;181(1):96-105.
14
Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H, Frangoulidis D. Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part I: Techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp. Clin Lab 2003;49(9-10):487-505.
15
Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Garcia-Ordonez MA, Cardenas A, Colmenero JD. Development and evaluation of a PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(1):144-8.
16
Araj GF, Kattar MM, Fattouh LG, Bajakian KO, Kobeissi SA. Evaluation of the PANBIO Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12(11):1334-5.
17
Bricker BJ. PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet Microbiol. 2002;90(1-4):435-46.
18
Sohrabi M, Mohabati Mobarez A, Khoramabadi N, Hosseini Doust R, Behmanesh M. Efficient diagnosis and treatment follow-up of human brucellosis by a novel quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR assay: a human clinical survey. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52(12):4239-43.
19
Nimri LF. Diagnosis of recent and relapsed cases of human brucellosis by PCR assay. BMC Infect Dis 2003;3:5.
20
Kazemi B, Namin SY, Bandepour M, Kafilzadeh F, Gachkar L, Mahmoudinejad F, et al. Detection of Brucella by peripheral blood PCR and comparison with culture and serological methods in suspected cases. Iran J Public Health 2008;37(4):96-102.
21
Shapouri R, Mohabati Mobarez A, Ahmadi H, Tabaraie B, Hosseini Doust R, Norozian D. Optimization of Brucella abortus fermenter culture conditions and LPS extraction method for antigen production. Res J Microbiol 2008;3(1):1-8.
22
Hosseini Doust R, Ahamdi Z, Ahamdi A, Hajia M, Izadi M, Mobarez AM. Detection of Brucella abortus by alkB and IS711 based primers. J Res Med Sci 2007;12(2):62-7.
23
Kumar S, Tuteja U, Sarika K, Singh D, Kumar A, Kumar O. Rapid multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of the Brucella Genus, B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011;21(1):89-92.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preanalytical Errors in Hematology Laboratory- an Avoidable Incompetence
Background: Quality assurance in the hematology laboratory is a must to ensure laboratory users of reliable test results with high degree of precision and accuracy. Even after so many advances in hematology laboratory practice, pre-analytical errors remain a challenge for practicing pathologists. This study was undertaken with an objective to evaluate the types and frequency of preanalytical errors in hematology laboratory of our center. Methods: All the samples received in the Hematology Laboratory of Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India over a period of one year (July 2013-July 2014) were included in the study and preanalytical variables like clotted samples, quantity not sufficient, wrong sample, without label, wrong label were studied. Results: Of 471,006 samples received in the laboratory, preanalytical errors, as per the above mentioned categories was found in 1802 samples. The most common error was clotted samples (1332 samples, 0.28% of the total samples) followed by quantity not sufficient (328 sample, 0.06%), wrong sample (96 samples, 0.02%), without label (24 samples, 0.005%) and wrong label (22 samples, 0.005%) Conclusion: Preanalytical errors are frequent in laboratories and can be corrected by regular analysis of the variables involved. Rectification can be done by regular education of the staff.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19277_b7f2e6527852e66382596d24e199204b.pdf
2016-04-01
151
154
quality control
Preanalytical
Hematology
Vikram
Narang
drvikramnarang@yahoo.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Harsimran
Kaur
2
Dept. of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Pavneet
Kaur Selhi
3
Dept. of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Neena
Sood
4
Dept. of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Aminder
Singh
5
Dept. of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Lundberg GD. Acting on significant laboratory results. JAMA 1981;245(17):1762–1763
1
Lundberg GD. How clinicians should use the diagnostic laboratory in a changing medical world. Clin Chim Acta 1999;280 (1-2):3–11.
2
Laposata M, Dighe A. "Pre-pre" and "post-post" analytical error: high-incidence patient safety hazards involving the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45(6):712–719.
3
Stroobants AK, Goldschmidt HM, Plebani M. Error budget calculations in laboratory medicine: linking the concepts of biological variation and allowable medical errors. Clin Chim Acta 2003;333(2):169–176.
4
Green SF. The cost of poor blood specimen quality and errors in preanalytical processes. Clin Biochem 2013;46(13):1175-1179
5
Plebani M. The detection and prevention of errors in laboratory medicine. Ann Clin Biochem 2010;47(Pt2):101–110.
6
Ashavaid TF, Dandekar SP, Khodaiji S, Ansari MH, Singh AP. Influence of method of specimen collection on various preanalytical sample quality indicators in EDTA blood collected for cell counting. Ind J Clin Biochem 2009; 24(4):356-60.
7
Uprity S, Upretity S, Bansal R, JeelaniN,Bharat V. Types and Frequency of preanalytical errors in hematology lab. J Clin Diag Res 2013;7(11):2491-93.
8
Favaloro JE, Funk DM, Lippi G. Preanalytical variables in coagulation testing associated with diagnostic errors in hemostasis. Lab Med 2012 ; 43(2): 1-10.
9
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 15189: Medical laboratories - particular requirements for quality and competence. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2007/
10
Hawkings R. Managing the pre and post analytical phases of the total testing process. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32:5-16.
11
Chawla R, Goswami V, Tayal D, Mallika V. Identification of the types of preanalytical errors in the clinical chemistry laboratory: 1 year study of GB Pant Hospital. Lab Med 2010; 41: 89-92.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rad51 Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Its Association with Tumor Reduction: A Preliminary Study in Indonesia
Background: Overexpression of Rad51 protein in many tumor cells has been proven to increase radioresistance and can be related to the resistance of chemosensitivity of tumor cells. This preliminary study was conducted to determine the relationship between the Rad51 expression level in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the response of the treatment based on the measurement of the tumor reduction. Methods:Thirteen cases of the NPCs were analyzed. The expression levels of the Rad51 were examined from the pretreatment biopsies. Furthermore, tumor reductions were determined based on the change in sum longest diameter of the nasopharyngeal CT-scan before and after therapy. Results: The expression level of the Rad51 was associated with the reduction of tumor mass. The P value was 0.049 and the correlation coefficient was 0.479. Conclusion:The tumor cells Rad51 expression levels may affect the tumor reduction of NPC after the therapy.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19278_d4a2b0b9c8607ee311413f4e23a59a8a.pdf
2016-04-01
155
160
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Rad51 expression
Tumor reduction
Dian
Cahyanti
diancahyanti@gmail.com
1
Dept. of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lisnawati
Rachmadi
lisfianha@yahoo.com
2
Dept. of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Vally
Wulani
vallywulani@yahoo.com
3
Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Marlinda
Adham
marlindaadhamy@yahoo.com
4
Dept. of Ear Nose Throat Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Boyle P, Levin B, editors. World Health Organization: World Cancer Report 2008. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008.
1
El-Sherbieny E, Rashwan H, Lubis SH, Choi VJ. Prognostic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated in hospital Kuala Lumpur.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(7):1739-43.
2
Adham M, Kurniawan AN, Muhtadi AI, Roezin A, Hermani B, Gondhowiardjo S, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Indonesia: epidemiology, incidence, signs, and symptoms at presentation. Chin J Cancer 2012 Apr;31(4):185-96.
3
Chan JKC, Bray F, McCarron P et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press; 2005. p.82-96.
4
Jia WH, Qin HD. Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review. Semin Cancer Biol 2012 Apr;22(2):117-26.
5
Gruhne B, Sompallae R, Masucci MG. Three Epstein–Barr virus latency proteins independently promote genomic instability by inducing DNA damage, inhibiting DNA repair and inactivating cell cycle checkpoints. Oncogene 2009 Nov 12;28(45):3997-4008.
6
Qin HD, Shugart YY, Bei JX, Pan QH, Lina C, Feng QS, et al. Comprehensive pathway-based association study of DNA repair gene variants and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2011 Apr 15;71(8): 3000–8.
7
Hildesheim A, Wang CP. Genetic predisposition factors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a review of epidemiological association studies, 2000-2011 Rosetta Stone for NPC: genetic, viral infection, and other environmental factors. Semin Cancer Biol 2012 Apr; 22(2):107-16.
8
Klein HL. The consequences of Rad51 overexpression for normal and tumor cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008 May 3;7(5):686-93.
9
Krejci L, Altmannova V, Spirek M, Zhao X. Homologous recombination and its regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012 Jul;40(13):5795-818.
10
Li X, Heyer WD. Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance. Cell Res 2008 Jan;18(1):99-113.
11
Henning W, Stürzbecher HW. Homologous recombination and cell cycle checkpoints: Rad51 in tumor progression and therapy resistance. Toxicology 2003 Nov 15;193(1-2):91-109.
12
Vispe S, Cazaux C, Lesca C, Defais M. Overexpression of Rad51 protein stimulates homologous recombination and increases resistance of mammalian cells to ionizing radiation. Nucleic Acids Res 1998 Jun 15;26(12): 2859–64.
13
Taghizadeh M, Khoei S, Nikoofar AR, Ghamsari L, Goliaei B. The role of Rad51 protein in radioresistance of spheroid model of DU145 prostate carcinoma cell line. Iran J Radiat Res 2009;7(1):19-25.
14
Hannay JAF, Liu J, Zhu QS, Bolshakov SV, Li L, Pisters PWT, et al. Rad51 overexpression contributes to chemoresistance in human soft tissue sarcoma cells: a role for p53/activator protein 2 transcriptional regulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2007 May;6(5):1650-60.
15
Takenaka T, Yoshino I, Hidenori K, Ohba T, Yohena T, Osoegawa A, et al. Combined evaluation of Rad51 and ERCC1 expressions for sensitivity to platinum agents in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2007 Aug 15;121(4):895-900.
16
Connell PP, Jayathilaka K, Haraf D, Weichselbaum RR, Vokes EE, Lingen MW. Pilot study examining tumor expression of RAD51 and clinical outcomes in human head cancers. Int J Oncol 2006 May;28(5):1113-9.
17
Qiao GB, Wu YL, Yang XN, Zhong WZ, Xie D, Guan XY, et al. High-level expression of Rad51 is an independent prognostic marker of survival in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2005 Jul 11;93(1):137-43.
18
Chan ATC, Gregoire V, Lefebvre JL, Licitra L, Felip E. Nasopharyngeal cancer: EHNS–ESMO–ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2012;23(Suppl 7): vii83–vii85.
19
Budwit-Novotny DA, McCarty KS, Cox EB, Soper JT, Mutch DG, Creasman WT, et al. Immunohistochemical analyses of estrogen receptor in endometrial adenocarcinoma using a monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 1986 Oct 46(10):5419-25.
20
Padhani AR, Olllivier L. The RECIST criteria: implications for diagnostic radiologists. Br J Radiol 2001 Nov;74(887):983-6.
21
Jayakumar S, Bhilwade HN, Pandeh BN, Sandur SK, Chaubey RC. The potential value of the neutral comet assay and the expression of genes associated with DNA damage in assessing the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Mutat Res 2012 Oct 9;748(1-2):52-9.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pituitary Chondrosarcoma presenting as a sellar and suprasellar mass with parasellar extension: An Unusual presentation
Chondrosarcoma is a mesenchymal tumor composed of tumor cells producing cartilage. It is more common in older age and often affects the axial skeleton. We report a rare case of chondrosarcoma mimicking a sellar and suprasellar mass with parasellar extension. A 40 yr woman presented with decreasing visual acuity and headache. Magnetic resonance (MR) image revealed a cystic sellar and suprasellar mass with parasellar extension showing mild enhancing solid component. It favored the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. The patient underwent trans-sphenoidal partial resection of the tumor resulting in removal of the sellar mass. However, the suprasellar mass could not be excised completely due to limited surgical field. The pathologic diagnosis was chondrosarcoma. Eight months after the operation, pterional approach was performed to remove the remaining mass. Intraoperative findings confirmed that the mass originated from dorsum sellae.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19279_5421e8a1bd8265e164a0e9b798ff42bc.pdf
2016-04-01
161
166
Sellar
Suprasellar
Chondrosarcoma
Manisha
Sharma
manisha_salwan@yahoo.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, Sri Guru Ramdass Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Manas
Madan
manasmadaan@gmail.com
2
Dept. of Pathology, Sri Guru Ramdass Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Mridu
Manjari
mmanasmadaan@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Pathology, Sri Guru Ramdass Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Harleen
Kaur
mansmadaan@gmail.com
4
Dept. of Pathology, Sri Guru Ramdass Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Allan CA, Kaltsas G, Evanson J, Geddes J, Lowe DG, Plowman PN, et al. Pituitary chondrosarcoma: an unusual cause of a sellar mass presenting as a pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(1):386-91.
1
Chung YS, Gwak HS, Jung HW, Park HJ, Paek HS, Kim DG, et al. Intracranial chordomas and chondrosarcomas : the effectiveness of surgery and radiation therapy. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2000; 29:910-7.
2
Bloch OG, Jian JB, Yang I, Han SJ, Aranda D, Ahn BJ, et al. A systematic review of intracranial chondrosarcoma and survival. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16(12):1547-51.
3
Chu PY, Wei CP, Tsai YF, Teng TH, Lee CC. Chondrosarcoma of the Skull Base-Report of Two Cases. Tzu Chi Med J 2006; 18:229-31.
4
Kunanandam V, Gooding MR. Parasellar chondrosarcoma: total excision improves prognosis. Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9:87-91.
5
Arpino L, Capuano C, Gravina M, Franco A. Parasellar myxoid chondrosarcoma: a rare variant of cranial chondrosarcoma. J Neurosurg Sci 2011; 55(4):387-9.
6
Inenaga C, Morii K, Tamura T, Tanaka R, Takahashi H. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the sellar region. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003; 145(7):593-7.
7
Freda PU, Wardlaw SL, Post KD. Unusual causes of sellar/parasellar masses in a large transsphenoidal surgical series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3455–9.
8
Gay E, Sekhar LN, Rubinstein E, Wright DC, Sen C, Janecka IP, et al. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery 1995; 36:887–96.
9
Korten AG, Ter Berg HJ, Spincemaille GH, Vander Laan RT, Van de Wel AM. Intracranial chondrosarcoma: review of the literature and report of 15 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65:88-92.
10
Suit HD, Goitein M, Munzenrider J, Verhey L, Davis KR, Koehler A, et al. Definitive radiation therapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the base of skull and cervical spine. J Neurosurg 1982; 56:377-85.
11
Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Keel SB, Renard LG, Fitzek MM, Munzenrider JE, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:1370-8.
12
Ishida T, Dorfman H. Chondroid chordoma versus low-grade chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: can immunohistochemistry resolve the controversy? J Neuro-oncol 1994; 18;199-206.
13
Salisbury JR, Isaacson PG. Distinguishing chordoma from chondrosarcoma by immunohistochemical techniques. J Pathol 1986; 148:251–2.
14
Kwon AH, Gwak HS, Youn MS, Rhee CH. A Case of Pituitary Fossa Chondrosarcoma Mimicking Sellar and Suprasellar Mass. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2004; 36:499-502.
15
Austin-Seymour M, Munzenrider J, Goitein M, Verhey L, Urie M, Gentry R, et al. Fractionated proton radiation therapy of chordoma and low-grade chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull. J Neurosurg 1989; 70:13–7.
16
Muthukumar N, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for chordoma and chondrosarcoma: further experiences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41:387–92.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Apocrine Metaplasia in Intraductal Papilloma with Foci of DCIS: A Friend or Foe?
Malignant papillary neoplasms of the breast comprise a number of microscopically distinct lesions, where apocrine metaplasia is commonly found in papillomas compared to other papillary lesions including papillary carcinomas. However, association of apocrine metaplasia in papilloma with Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) is not very well defined. The lesions with apocrine metaplasia are not only difficult to categories, but also there is controversy regarding their relative risk of subsequent carcinoma development. A case of extensive apocrine differentiation in duct papilloma with DCIS developing in the background of papillomatosis, posing a diagnostic dilemma for the pathologist and a therapeutic challenge for the surgeon, is hereby reported for its uniqueness and rarity. Awareness of this association should be kept in mind by both the pathologist as well as clinician for optimal therapeutic intervention.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19280_878d45ae57525e1eabbcfd49e6e51606.pdf
2016-04-01
167
170
Apocrine metaplasia
Papillary lesion breast
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
Debjani
Mallick
dr.debjani.m@gmail.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, ESI PGIMSR& ESIC Medical College, Joka Kolkata, West Bengal, India
AUTHOR
Aniruna
Dey
anirunad@gmail.com
2
Dept. of Pathology, ESI PGIMSR& ESIC Medical College, Joka Kolkata, West Bengal, India
AUTHOR
Sonia
Gon
drsgon9@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Pathology, ESI PGIMSR& ESIC Medical College, Joka Kolkata, West Bengal, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gayatri
Ghoah
gayatrighosh_g@rediffmail.com
4
Dept. of Pathology, ESI PGIMSR& ESIC Medical College, Joka Kolkata, West Bengal, India
AUTHOR
Mulligan AM, O’Malley FP. Papillary lesions of the breast: a review. Adv Anat Pathol 2007;14(2):108–19.
1
Collins LC, Schnitt SJ. Papillary lesions of the breast: selected diagnostic and management issues. Histopathology 2008;52(1):20–9.
2
Ueng SH, Mezzetti T, Tavassoli FA. Papillary neoplasms of the breast: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009 Jun;133(6):893–907.
3
Wells CA and ElAyatNon GA. Operative breast pathology: apocrine lesions. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60(12): 1313–20.
4
Grabowski J, Salzstein S L, Sadler G R, Blair S .Intracystic papillary carcinoma: a review of 917 cases .Cancer 2008 September 1; 113(5): 916–20.
5
Trenkic S, Katc V, PashalinaM,ZivkovicV,Milentijevic M, Kostov M . The histologic spectrum of apocrine lesions of the breast. Arch Oncol 2004;12(1): 61-5.
6
Debnath D, Al-Okati D, Ismail W.MultiplePapillomatosis of Breast and Patient’s Choice of Treatment. Pathol Res Int 2010; Article ID 540590 :doi:10.4061/2010/540590.
7
Pal SK, Lau SK, KruperL,Nwoye U, Garberoglio C, Gupta RK, Paz B, VoraL,GuzmanE,Artinyan A, Somlo G. Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast: An Overview. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 122(3): 637–45.
8
Jones C, Damian Si, Wells D, Chaggar R, Lakhan S R, Euse V . Molecular Cytogenetic Comparison of Apocrine Hyperplasia and Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast. Am J Pathol 2001; 158(1):1-4.
9
Jaffer S, Nagi C, Bleiweiss IJ. Excision is indicated for intraductal papilloma of the breast diagnosed on core needle biopsy. Cancer 2009;115(13):2837–43.
10
Harjit K, Willsher PC, Bennett M, Jackson LR, Metclaf C, Saunders CM. Multiple papillomas of the breast:is current management adequate? Breast 2006;15(6):777-81.
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Granulomatous response with breast cancer in a developing country: A diagnostic dilemma!
Granulomatous response in association with breast cancer and within the cancer draining lymph nodes is an extremely rare phenomenon. Granulomatous inflammation is an immune response commonly seen against infectious agents and certain non-neoplastic conditions. The etiopathogenesis of granulomas associated with malignancies is not clear but it may be because of an immunologic reaction to tumour antigens. We hereby report a 50-yr-old postmenopausal female presented to Surgical Outpatient Department, Aligarh Muslim University, India, with complaints of lump and pain in her left breast for 6 months. We have also discussed about its etiopathogenesis, final diagnosis, treatment & patient outcome.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19281_b81b726b6c5a7fafa1b8275eb91ddc70.pdf
2016-04-01
171
175
Granulomatous response
Breast cancer, India
Bushra
Siddiqui
bushrasiddiqui85@yahoo.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
AUTHOR
Shahbaz
Habib Faridi
shahbazfaridi@yahoo.com
2
Dept. of Surgery, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Veena
Maheshwari
veena_maheshwari91912@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Pathology, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Aslam
aslamnuvy12@hotmail.com
4
Dept. of Surgery, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
AUTHOR
Kafil
Akhtar
drbushrasiddiqui85@gmail.com
5
Dept. of Pathology, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
AUTHOR
Coyne JD. Colonic carcinoma with granulomatous (sarcoid) reaction. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:708-9.
1
Hes O, Hora M, Vanecek T, Sima R, Sulc M, Havlicek F et al. Conventional renal cell carcinoma with granulomatous reaction: A report of three cases. Virchows Arc 2003; 443: 1432-2307.
2
Sehgal S, Goyal P, Ghosh S, Mittal D, Singh S. Malignancy and Granulomatosis: Causality or Coincidence? Narrative Systematic Review. Iran J Pathol 2014; 9 (4), 237 – 244.
3
Bigotti G, Coli A, Magistrelli P, De Ninno M, Antonacci V, Crucitti A, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma associated with granulomatous gastritis report and review of the literature. Tumori 2002;88(2):163-6.
4
Ophir D, Nissim F, Marshak G. Granulomatous reaction in lymph nodes draining laryngeal carcinoma. Head Neck Surg 1986;8(3):214-7.
5
Gorton G, Linell F. Malignant tumours and sarcoid reactions in regional lymph nodes. Acta Radiol. 1957;47(5):381–392.
6
Oberman HA. Invasive carcinoma of the breast with granulomatous response. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 88 (6), 718–721.
7
Alalshee T, Hamed T, Shafi SM. Granulomatous reaction associated with breast carcinoma: A report of two cases. Saudi J Med Med Sci 2014; 2:120-2.
8
Bhatia A, Kumar Y, Kathpalia AS. Granulomatous inflammation in lymph nodes draining cancer: A coincidence or a significant association. Int J Med Med Sci 2009; 1(2), 013-016.
9
Alujevic A, Juric G, Separovic V, Kruslin B. Invasive breast carcinoma with granulomatous stromal response. Zentralbl Gynakol 1997;119:343–5.
10
Santini D, Pasquinelli G, Alberghini M,Martinelli GN, Taffurelli M. Invasive breast carcinoma with granulomatous response and deposition of unusual amyloid. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:885–8.
11
Daroca PJ. Medullary carcinoma of the breast with granulomatous stroma. Hum Pathol 1987;18:761–3.
12
Bässler R, Birke F. Histopathology of tumour associated sarcoid-like stromal reaction in breast cancer. An analysis of 5 cases with immunohistochemical investigations.Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1988;412:231–9.
13
Hall PA, Kingston J, Stansfield AG. Extensive necrosis in malignant lymphoma with granulomatous reaction mimicking tuberculosis. Histopathology 1988;13:339–46.
14
Khurram M, Tariq M, Shahid P. Breast cancer with associated granulomatous axillary lymphadenitis: A diagnostic and clinical dilemma in regions with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203(10):699-704.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Recurrent Ancient Intraosseous Neurilemmoma of Maxilla: A Rare Case Report
Neurilemmomas are benign tumors of peripheral nerve sheath Schwann cells. One of the variants of neurilemmoma is the ancient type of neurilemmoma characterized by degenerative features such as cystic degeneration, calcification, hemorrhage and hyalinization which could be easily misdiagnosed. Their occurrence in oral cavity is extremely rare and intraosseous type occurring in maxilla is exceedingly rare with very few cases being published in literature. A 38 year old male patient reported with a chief complaint of swelling over the left cheek and left upper back region since 10 months. The case is of recurrent intraosseous ancient neurilemmoma in the maxilla in the patient which is distinctive for the lesion. This unique case presented with distinct histologic architectural pattern of ancient neurilemmoma showing degenerative changes such as cystic degeneration and recurred within a short duration of time.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19282_d3aeed5324eb821978a54b3a92d02e5c.pdf
2016-04-01
176
180
Recurrent
Ancient neurilemmoma
Schwannoma
Neural tumor
Maxilla
cystic
Intraosseous
Tamgadge
Avinash
avinash.pt@gmail.com
1
Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr D Y Patil Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Tamgadge
Sandhya
sandhya.tamgadge@gmail.com
2
Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr D Y Patil Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Shashibhushan
Dodal
shashi.dodal@gmail.com
3
Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr D Y Patil Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mayura
Chande
mayurachande1234@gmail.com
4
Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr D Y Patil Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Treville
Pereira
trevillepereira@gmail.com
5
Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr D Y Patil Dental College & Hospital, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
AUTHOR
Martins MD, Anunciato de Jesus L, Fernandes KP, BussadoriSK,Taghloubi SA, Martins MA. Intra‑oral schwannoma: case report and literature review. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20(1):121‑5.
1
Yang SW, Lin CY. Schwannoma of the upper lip: case report and literature review. Am J Otolaryngol 2003;24(5):351-4.
2
Hatziotis JC, Asprides H. Neurilemmoma (schwannoma) of the oral cavity. Oral Surg 1967;24(4):510-26.
3
Grabowski L. A rare case of schwannoma of the tongue. Otolaryngol Pol 2008;62(2):191-4.
4
Marx RE, Stern D. Oral and maxillofacial pathology: A Rationale For Treatment. 1st ed. Carol Stream: Quintessence Publishing; 2008.
5
BaranovićM, Macan D, BegovićEA, Luksic I, BrajdićD, ManojlovićS. Schwannoma with Secondary erosion of mandible: Case report with review of literature. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006;35(6):456-60.
6
Chrysomali E, Papanicolaou SI, Dekker NP, Regezi JA. Benign Neural tumors of the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radiol Endod 1997;84(4):381-90.
7
Gallego L, Junquera L, Rodríguez-Recio C, Fresno MF. Intraosseousmandibular schwannoma mimicking an odontogenickeratocyst, with a postsurgical pathological fracture. J Laryngol Otol 2009;123(5):560-2.
8
Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2008.
9
Ackermann LV, Taylor FH. Neurogenoustumors within the thorax. A clinicopathological evaluation of 48 cases. Cancer 1951; 4(4): 669-91.
10
Chen CY, Wang WC, Chen CH, Chen YK, Lin LM. Ancient schwannoma of the floor of the mouth –A case report and review. Oral Oncol Extra 2006;42(8);281-5.
11
Muruganandhan J, Srinivasa Prasad T, Selvakumar T, Nalin Kumar S Ancient neurilemmoma: A rare oral tumor J.Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013;17(3):447-50.
12
KimNR,ChungDH,ParkDS,Kim DW et al.Ancientschwannoma of oral cavity:a report of two cases. J Korean Assoc Oral MaxillofacSurg 2011;37(6):530-4.
13
Gainza‑Cirauqui ML, Eguia‑Del Valle A, Martinez‑CondeR,Coca‑Meneses JC, Aguirre‑Urizar JM. Ancient schwannoma of the hard palate. An uncommon case report and review. J Clin Exp Dent 2013;5(1):62‑5.
14
Chi AC, Carey J, Muller S. Intraosseousschwannoma of the mandible: a case report and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96(1): 54-65.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland with Four Morphological Features
Acinic cell carcinoma arising in salivary glands is a rare tumor, accounting for 2% to 5% of the primary neoplasms of the parotid gland. When these tumors are well-differentiated, the neoplasia has innocuous aspect, due to the similarity to normal parotid tissue. This makes the diagnosis difficult. Initially the malignancy of this tumor was uncertain; however, recent studies have declared it as malignant. The female / male ratio is 3:2. The nodule usually presents as solitary and well defined shape. Several authors have used different terms to describe histomorphological patterns of these tumors. Four descriptive categories (solid, microcystic, papillary-cystic and follicular) are useful for pathologists. Here we report a case of a 49 yr old man with a left parotid nodule of 5 cm. Parotidectomy was performed at the Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, in Zaragoza (Spain). The microscopy showed a tumor with acinic semblance, having the four morphologic patterns previously described. The morphological and immunohistochemical study was consistent with the diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19283_eaf8ed7939f2a94de644558cfb57cd3a.pdf
2016-04-01
181
185
Acinic cell carcinoma
Morphologic patterns
Salivary Gland
David
Rosero
roserocuesta@gmail.com
1
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramiro
Alvarez
raalvarezal@gmail.com
2
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
Paula
Gambó
pgambopaula@hotmail.com
3
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
María
Alastuey
mariaalastuey@yahoo.es
4
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
Alberto
Valero
avalerot@salud.aragon.es
5
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
Nerea
Torrecilla
ntorrecilla@salud.aragon.es
6
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
A. Belén
Roche
belenroche21@gmail.com
7
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
Sara
Simón
sarasimonrqr@hotmail.com
8
Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
AUTHOR
Franco C, Torres J, Rodríguez P, González I, Volpato R. Carcinoma de células acinares: gradación histológica. Rev Chilena de Cirugía 2003. 55(2):132-5.
1
Boukheris H, Curtis RE, Land CE, Dores GM. Incidence of carcinoma of the major salivary glands according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification, 1992-2006: a population-based study in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2899-906.
2
Uro-Coste E. WHO classification of salivary gland tumors: Instructions. Ann Pathol 2011;31(5):S95-6.
3
Hoffman HT, Karnell LH, Robinson RA, Pinkston JA, Menck HR. National cancer data base report on cancer of the head and neck: acinic cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 56:440-3.
4
Zermani R, Rammeh S, Farah F, Kourda N, Zeddini AF, Bettaieb E, et al. L’adénocarcinome à cellules acineuses de la parotide de l’enfant (À propos d’une observation). Ann Pathol 2004. Doi: AP-11-2004-HS1-0242-6498-101019-ART155.
5
Munteanu MC, Mărgăritescu CL, Cionca L, NiţulescuNC, Dăguci L, Ciucă EM. Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary glands: a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2012;53(2):313-20.
6
Schwarz S, Zenk J, Müller M, Etl T, Wünsch PH, Hartmann A, et al. The many faces of acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary gland: a study of 40 cases relating histological and immunohistological subtypes to clinical parameters and prognosis. Histopathology 2012;61:395-408.
7
Batsakis J, Luna M, El-Naggar A: Histopathologic grading of salivary gland neoplasms: II acinic cell carcinomas. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99: 929-33.
8
Gete García P, Almodóvar Álvarez C, García Álvarez G, Rodríguez Francos MI, Cerván Rubiales F, Sangó Lamban P. Parotid tumours: correlation between fine needle aspiration biopsy and histological findings. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2006;57:279-82.
9
Godwin JT, Foote FW, Frazell EL. Acinic cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland: report of twenty-seven cases. Am J Pathol 1954;30:465-77.
10
Daneshbod Y, Daneshbod K, Khademi B. Diagnostic difficulties in the interpretation of fine needle aspirate samples in salivary lesions: diagnostic pitfalls revisited. Acta Cytol 2009 Jan-Feb;53(1):53-70.
11
Nagel H, Laskawi R, Büter JJ, Schröder M, Chilla R, Droese M. Cytologic diagnosis of acinic-cell carcinoma of salivary glands. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;16(5):402-12.
12
Pinto A, Nosé V, Rojas C, Fan YS, Gomez-Fernandez C. Searching for mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary gland among its mimics. Mod Pathol 2014;27:30-7.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Localized Leishmania Lymphadenitis Etiologic Agent Identified as Leishmania tropica Using Gene Sequencing
Leishmaniasis include several clinical manifestations, mostly cutaneous, visceral and mucosal (1, 2). Various species can lead to diverse clinical presentations. Thus species identification contribute to proper management (3). Localized Leishmania Lymphadenitis (LLL) is a distinct entity in clinicopathologic field presenting with isolated lymphadenitis and possible cocomitant cutaneous lesion in the absence of systemic visceral involvement (4). Species identification has been acceptable by conventional microscopic evaluation, serologic methods such as isoenzyme and monoclonal antibody detection and particularly PCR. However, definite identification and confirmation of parasite without gene sequencing have always been doubted (5).
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19284_05c8458a2938508be0d16f818702314e.pdf
2016-04-01
186
188
Localized Leishmania Lymphadenitis
gene sequence
Moeinadin
Safavi
moein.safavi@gmail.com
1
Dept. of Pathology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shahriar
Dabiri
dabiri12@yahoo.com
2
Dept. of Pathology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Odiwuor SOC, Saad AA, De Doncker S, Maes I, Laurent T, El Safi S, et al. Universal PCR assays for the differential detection of all Old World Leishmania species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30(2):209-18.
1
Reithinger R, Dujardin J-C, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7(9):581-96.
2
de Almeida ME, Steurer FJ, Koru O, Herwaldt BL, Pieniazek NJ, da Silva AJ. Identification of Leishmania spp. by molecular amplification and DNA sequencing analysis of a fragment of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(9): 3143-9.
3
Esfandiarpour I, Dabiri S, Yousefi K. Dry type leishmanial lymphadenitis presented as two large parotid and cervical masses. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(7):711-4.
4
Baghaei A, Parvizi P, Amirkhani A, Honarvar MR, Badiei F. Identification of Leishmania using microscopic and molecular methods in suspected patients of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by targeting ITS-rDNA gene, Golestan province, Iran (2009-10). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2012;14(3):72-81.
5
Dabiri S, Moeinadin Safavi M, Keramat Yousefi M. Molecular Pathology and Histopathological Findings in Localized Leishmania Lymphadenitis. Arch Iran Med 2014;17(2):122-6.
6
Ghatee M, Sharifi I, Mirhendi H, Kanannejad Z, Hatam G. Investigation of Double-Band Electrophoretic Pattern of ITS-rDNA Region in Iranian Isolates of L. tropica. Iran J Parasitol 2013;8(2):264-72.
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Anemia during Hospitalization in the Patients with Ebola Virus Disease
Ebola virus disease is the important emerging disease in Africa. This infection is deadly and has the main clinical feature as an acute hemorrhagic fever. The main hematological alteration in this infection is the platelet change. However, the change in other hematological parameters should be mentioned.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_19285_79d959e67f1f7fbf37de5bf0d2fb41b3.pdf
2016-04-01
189
190
Anemia
hospitalization
Ebola
Infection
beuy
joob
beuyjoob@hotmail.com
1
Sanitation 1, Medical Academic Center, Bangkok, Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
viroj
wiwanitkit
wviroj@yahoo.com
2
Hainan Medical University, China
AUTHOR
Baize S, Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N Engl J Med 2014;371(15):1418-25.
1
Fletcher TE, Brooks TJ, Beeching NJ. Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. BMJ 2014; 349:g5079.
2
Gostin LO, Lucey D, Phelan A. The Ebola epidemic: a global health emergency. JAMA 2014; 312(11):1095-6.
3
Green A. WHO and partners launch Ebola response plan. Lancet 2014; 384:481.
4
Kraft CS, Hewlett AL, Koepsell S, Winkler AM, Kratochvil CJ, Larson L, et al. The Use of TKM-100802 and Convalescent Plasma in 2 Patients With Ebola Virus Disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61(4):496-502.
5
Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Varkey JB, Brantly K, Plyler L, McElroy AK, et al. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the United States. N Engl J Med 2014;371(25):2402-9
6
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Ebola Infection and Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is the common endocrine problem that affects millions of world population. The disease can be seen in every country around the world. It is recorded as one of the most common noninfectious disease at present. In the era of the new emerging diseases, the concern on the effect of new diseases on diabetes should be discussed. For example, in the case of new emerging zoonotic influenza infections, the effect of the new diseases on the clinical course of diabetes mellitus is mentioned (1). In addition, the interesting observation of the prevalence and severity of new emerging infections in the cases that has diabetes mellitus, as a concomitant disorder is also available in the literatures.
https://ijp.iranpath.org/article_18557_607d75a51fbe7d714dd46eadbc4228ff.pdf
2016-04-01
191
193
Diabetes
Ebola
Sora
Yasri
sorayasri@outlook.co.th
1
KMT Primary Center, Bangkok Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
Viroj
Wiwanitkit
wviroj@yahoo.com
2
Hainan Medical University, China
AUTHOR
Wiwanitkit V. Diabetes mellitus as an important identified personal illness in death cases due to swine flu: an observation. Prim Care Diabetes 2009 Aug; 3(3):201.
1
Zimmet P. Globalization, coca-colonization and the chronic disease epidemic: can the Doomsday scenario be averted? J Intern Med 2000 Mar; 247(3):301-10.
2
Baize S, Pannetier D, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N Engl J Med 2014;371(15):1418-25.
3
Arsand E, Walseth OA, Andersson N, Fernando R, Granberg O, Bellika JG, Hartvigsen G. Using blood glucose data as an indicator for epidemic disease outbreaks. Stud Health Technol Inform 2005; 116:217-22.
4
Mitchell SW, McCormick JB. Physicochemical inactivation of Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg viruses and effect on clinical laboratory analyses. J Clin Microbiol 1984 Sep; 20(3):486-9.
5
Brizendine KD. Ebola virus: questions, answers, and more questions. Cleve Clin J Med 2014 Dec; 81(12):729-35.
6
LeBlanc JJ, Heinstein C, MacDonald J, Gallant R, Roberts C, Jackson C, et al. Pushing the limits of chemistry point-of-care testing for the management of patients under investigation for Ebola virus disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2015.
7