Diagnostic Pathology
Fereshteh Atabi; Reza Mohammadi
Abstract
Background & Objective: Concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is routinely measured or calculated as LDL-C in clinical laboratories. In order to decrease the cost, instead of its measuring, it is recommended to calculate it using multiple ...
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Background & Objective: Concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is routinely measured or calculated as LDL-C in clinical laboratories. In order to decrease the cost, instead of its measuring, it is recommended to calculate it using multiple formulas that have been introduced up to now. The aim of this study was to assess the results of various formulas and comparison of these results with those of measuring method and to clarify the best formula for the Iranian population. Methods: Concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and LDL-C in serums of 471 overnight fasting individuals were measured and also LDL-Cs of these samples were calculated by eleven different formulas according to their TC, TG, and HDL-C concentrations. Subsequently, results of measured and calculated LDL-C were analyzed statistically by paired t-test, correlation coefficient, and Passing-Bablok regression. In addition, for clinical evaluation, the differences between calculated and measured mean results were calculated and compared with an allowable total error. Result: Paired t-test unraveled a significant difference between the results of measured and calculated LDL-C by various formulas. But for some formulas, these differences were not clinically significant. The best clinical and statistical agreement (correlation coefficient) was obtained by the Friedewald equation. Conclusion: By using validated methods which have correct calibration and control system for measuring TC, TG, and HDL-C, we can use the Friedewald formula for calculating LDL-C in serum samples with TG up to 400 mg/dL.
Gynecologic Pathology
Maryam Kazemi Aghdam; Seyed Alireza Nadji; Azadeh Alvandimanesh; Maliheh Khoddami; Yassaman Khademi
Abstract
Background & Objective: Malignant breast tumors, which are one of the most important deadly cancers in women, like many other cancers, are proposed to be related to viruses etiologically. Proper management of breast carcinoma necessitates an identification of the etiological factors. Human Papilomavirus is ...
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Background & Objective: Malignant breast tumors, which are one of the most important deadly cancers in women, like many other cancers, are proposed to be related to viruses etiologically. Proper management of breast carcinoma necessitates an identification of the etiological factors. Human Papilomavirus is considered to have an etiological role in breast carcinoma. We carried out this study to find out if Human Papilomavirus-DNA is present in the malignant and benign breast tissue in our patients. Methods: Seventy five paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues and 75 normal breast tissues and benign breast lesions were examined in this study (case-control) to look for Human Papilomavirus-DNA employing Nested Polymerase Chain reaction. The tissues were examined over a period of ten years in the pathology department of the Pathobiology Laboratory Center of Tehran. Result: No Human Papilomavirus-DNA was found in any of the malignant or control group specimens. Conclusion: Our results showed no evidence of Human Papilomavirus in cancerous and benign tissues, which is consistent with some other studies in English medical literature. More investigations using more specimens from different parts of the country are required to confirm the presence or absence of any connection between Human Papilomavirus and development of breast carcinoma in Iran.
Microbiology
Mahsa Asadi; Mohamad Fazeli; Azar Sabokbar
Volume 13, Issue 3 , July 2018, , Pages 301-307
Abstract
Background and Objective: Acute microbial diarrheal diseases are the major public health problems in the developing countries. People affected by diarrheal diseases have the lowest financial resources and poorest hygienic facilities. Children under five, primarily in Asian and African countries, are ...
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Background and Objective: Acute microbial diarrheal diseases are the major public health problems in the developing countries. People affected by diarrheal diseases have the lowest financial resources and poorest hygienic facilities. Children under five, primarily in Asian and African countries, are mostly the subjects affected by microbial diseases transmitted through water.The current study aimed at investigating the comparative inhibitory effect of Lactocare (commercial probiotic) on clinical samples and standard strains of Vibrio cholerae.Methods: A total of 20 clinical samples and a standard strain (ATCC 14035) were provided by Health Reference Laboratory and Biotechnology Institute, respectively. In order to confirm the samples, biochemical analysis and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on intergenic space. Afterward, agar well diffusion method was performed in order to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration to monitor the antimicrobial activity of Lactocare.Results: Colony count of V. cholerae for the standard strain in 30% and mean for clinical samples in 50% concentration of Lactocare treatment revealed that it would propel to death phase. Since the number of colonies decreased to 100, it was considered that higher concentrations of Lactocare would completely inhibit the growth of V. cholera.Conclusion: Probiotics are employed to develop new pharmaceutical preparations and functional foods in order to promote the public health.
Uropathology
Alireza Abdollahi; Masoud Etemadian; Saeed Shoar; Zohreh Nozarian
Volume 11, Issue 4 , October 2016, , Pages 323-327
Abstract
Background: The optimal treatment is not possible yet for chronic prostatitis due to the unknown etiology of the diseases. We aimed to investigate the association of Helicobacter pylori infection with chronic prostatitis.
Methods: In this prospective case-control study that conducted in Imam Hospital ...
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Background: The optimal treatment is not possible yet for chronic prostatitis due to the unknown etiology of the diseases. We aimed to investigate the association of Helicobacter pylori infection with chronic prostatitis.
Methods: In this prospective case-control study that conducted in Imam Hospital Complex affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran from 2014 to 2015, patients with diagnosis of chronic prostatitis according to the criteria of National Institute of Health (NIH) were enrolled. Control group constituted of consecutive healthy patients.Blood samples were obtained for each patient and control and evaluated for serum levels of anti H. pylori IgG, A. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS, version 18. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results: Mean ± SD age of patients was 59.5 ± 3.08 yr in the case group and 56.88 ± 3.20 yr in the control group with no significant difference (P>0.05). Mean ± SD levels of anti H. pylori IgG and IgA in the control group were 9.36 ± 7.45 U/ml and 6.25 ± 7.29 U/ml, respectively compared with 20.94 ± 16.98 U/ml and 18.63 ± 15.65 U/ml in the case group, respectively both of which revealed statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Chronic prostatitis is associated with H. pylori infection. Both anti H. pylori IgG and IgA are increased in patients with chronic prostatitis. Therefore, treatment of HP infection could be effective in the prostatitis cure.
Microbiology
Mehrdad Gholami; Mohammadreza Haghshenas; Mona Moshiri; Shbnam Razavi; Abazar Pournajaf; Gholamreza Irajian; Mohsen Heidary
Abstract
Background & objective: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) is an important nosocomial pathogen which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) ...
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Background & objective: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) is an important nosocomial pathogen which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) methylation are two important mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, and rmtD), and the AME genes [aac(6′)-Ib, aac(3)-I, ant(3′′)-I, aph(3′)-I and aac(6')-Id], among clinical isolates of A. baumannii in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Between November 2015 to July 2016, a total of 110 clinical strains of A. baumannii were isolated from patients in two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The presence of genes encoding the AMEs and16S rRNA methylases responsible for resistance was investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results showed that colistin was an effective antibiotic and could be used as a last-resort treatment of infections caused by MDR-AB. The resistance rate to aminoglycosides were 100%, 96.36% and 90.9% for tobramycin, gentamicin and amikacin, respectively. In this study, AME genes of aac(6′)-Ib, aac(3)-I and ant(3′′)-I were most prevalent among the isolated strains. Conclusion Markedly high resistance to tobramycin, gentamicin and amikacin was noted in current study. Our results suggested that modifying enzyme genes in conjunction with methylation of 16S rRNA might contribute to aminoglycoside resistance induced in vivo in A. baumannii.Further studies are required to determine the prevalence of the aminoglycoside resistance genes in other hospitals of Iran.
Hematopathology
Seyyede Fatemeh Shams; Hossein Ayatollahi; Mohammad hadi Sadeghian; Monavar Afzal Aghaee; Sepideh Shakeri; Ehsan Yazdandoust; Maryam Sheikhi; Nafiseh Amini; Samane Bakhshi; Afsane Bahrami
Volume 13, Issue 4 , October 2018, , Pages 397-402
Abstract
Background and Objective: Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Myeloproliferative Leukemia (MPL) mutations are confirmatory indicators for Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN). The current study was performed to determine the frequency of MPL mutation in MPN patients without JAK2 mutation, in order to assign MPL mutation ...
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Background and Objective: Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Myeloproliferative Leukemia (MPL) mutations are confirmatory indicators for Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN). The current study was performed to determine the frequency of MPL mutation in MPN patients without JAK2 mutation, in order to assign MPL mutation frequency in North-East of Iran.Methods: Total of 105 negative JAK2 cases including 5 Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD), 15 Polycytemia Vera (PV) and 15 Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) who referred to Qaem Medical Center were assigned to this study. ARMS-PCR was carried out for measuring MPL mutations. Results: A significant difference was observed between MPL mutant and non-mutant groups from overview of MPL mutation (P=0.00001). From the total studied population, 14.28% were ET cases and 4.71% of them had splenomegaly. About 66.66% had thrombocytosis and 33.33% of all the individuals had leukocytosis according to WHO criteria, and 4.76% of non-MPL mutant individuals had splenomegaly (P=1). This mutation was reported in 4-6% of ET and PMF individuals. In this research, 4.76 % of studied individuals had MPL (W515L/K) mutation, which were diagnosed with ET.Conclusion: Generally, the presence of JAK2 and MPL mutations are the most important criteria for MPN diagnosis. The obtained frequency of MPL mutation was similar to previous studies. Despite the high frequency of JAK2 and Philadelphia abnormality, MPL mutation was rare in myeloprolifrative disorders. Further studies are suggested to investigate its prognostic effects for these diseases.
Biplab Biswas; Subrata Pal; DhrubaJyoti Moulick; Mrinal Sikdar
Volume 11, Issue 5 , October 2016, , Pages 427-430
Abstract
Isolated hepatic tuberculoma is localized hepatic tuberculosis (TB) without bile duct involvement, which presents as solitary or multiple nodular mass lesion of liver mimicking a neoplastic lesion in radiological evaluation. Clinical presentation and biochemical tests for liver functions show non-specific ...
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Isolated hepatic tuberculoma is localized hepatic tuberculosis (TB) without bile duct involvement, which presents as solitary or multiple nodular mass lesion of liver mimicking a neoplastic lesion in radiological evaluation. Clinical presentation and biochemical tests for liver functions show non-specific abnormality, which is not helpful for diagnosis. As the treatment, modality of isolated hepatic tuberculoma is anti-tubercular drugs. Prognosis is very good in comparison to other differential diagnoses. We are presenting such a rare case of isolated hepatic tuberculoma from tribal area of Bankura district, West Bengal, India in a 38-yr female patient presenting as fever, abdominal pain and solitary nodular lesion on radiological evaluation . Even different imaging modalities cannot make accurate diagnosis of isolated hepatic tuberculoma where simple biopsy and histopathology of the lesion can confirm the diagnosis.
Farid Kosari; Naghmeh Amin Taheri; Alireza Sadeghipour; Kamran Alimoghaddam; Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2011, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant ...
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Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant cancers. About 30% of the cases with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, the incidence rate of EBV in DLBCL was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR methods were used for studying the relationship between EBV and DLBCL. Paraffin blocks of 116 patients from Sina & Shariati hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with DLBCL diagnoses in 2005-2009 were collected. EBV-LMP in IHC and PCR virus genome in PCR were examined.
Results: Findings of the PCR method showed that 28 cases of the total 116 patients with DLBCL were EBV positive (the frequency of EBV positivity was correspondingly 40% and 60% in females and males) and this shows a 25.8% EBV frequency in DLBCL. IHC findings showed that six cases were EBV positive. The compatibility of positive IHC and PCR responses was two cases and there are four conflicting cases.
Conclusion: It seems that PCR is a more appropriate method for diagnosing EBV and IHC cannot solely prove the presence of EBV in DCBCL patients.
Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant cancers. About 30% of the cases with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, the incidence rate of EBV in DLBCL was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR methods were used for studying the relationship between EBV and DLBCL. Paraffin blocks of 116 patients from Sina & Shariati hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with DLBCL diagnoses in 2005-2009 were collected. EBV-LMP in IHC and PCR virus genome in PCR were examined.
Results: Findings of the PCR method showed that 28 cases of the total 116 patients with DLBCL were EBV positive (the frequency of EBV positivity was correspondingly 40% and 60% in females and males) and this shows a 25.8% EBV frequency in DLBCL. IHC findings showed that six cases were EBV positive. The compatibility of positive IHC and PCR responses was two cases and there are four conflicting cases.
Conclusion: It seems that PCR is a more appropriate method for diagnosing EBV and IHC cannot solely prove the presence of EBV in DCBCL patients.
Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant cancers. About 30% of the cases with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, the incidence rate of EBV in DLBCL was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR methods were used for studying the relationship between EBV and DLBCL. Paraffin blocks of 116 patients from Sina & Shariati hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with DLBCL diagnoses in 2005-2009 were collected. EBV-LMP in IHC and PCR virus genome in PCR were examined.
Results: Findings of the PCR method showed that 28 cases of the total 116 patients with DLBCL were EBV positive (the frequency of EBV positivity was correspondingly 40% and 60% in females and males) and this shows a 25.8% EBV frequency in DLBCL. IHC findings showed that six cases were EBV positive. The compatibility of positive IHC and PCR responses was two cases and there are four conflicting cases.
Conclusion: It seems that PCR is a more appropriate method for diagnosing EBV and IHC cannot solely prove the presence of EBV in DCBCL patients.
Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant cancers. About 30% of the cases with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, the incidence rate of EBV in DLBCL was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR methods were used for studying the relationship between EBV and DLBCL. Paraffin blocks of 116 patients from Sina & Shariati hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with DLBCL diagnoses in 2005-2009 were collected. EBV-LMP in IHC and PCR virus genome in PCR were examined.
Results: Findings of the PCR method showed that 28 cases of the total 116 patients with DLBCL were EBV positive (the frequency of EBV positivity was correspondingly 40% and 60% in females and males) and this shows a 25.8% EBV frequency in DLBCL. IHC findings showed that six cases were EBV positive. The compatibility of positive IHC and PCR responses was two cases and there are four conflicting cases.
Conclusion: It seems that PCR is a more appropriate method for diagnosing EBV and IHC cannot solely prove the presence of EBV in DCBCL patients.
Background and Objectives: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is one of the members of herpesviridae family and a sub-category of Gamma herpes virinae. EBV, which normally has CR2 or CD21 receptors on B-lymphocytes, has mutagenic features for them. The virus plays an important role in causing some malignant cancers. About 30% of the cases with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In the present study, the incidence rate of EBV in DLBCL was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR methods were used for studying the relationship between EBV and DLBCL. Paraffin blocks of 116 patients from Sina & Shariati hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with DLBCL diagnoses in 2005-2009 were collected. EBV-LMP in IHC and PCR virus genome in PCR were examined.
Results: Findings of the PCR method showed that 28 cases of the total 116 patients with DLBCL were EBV positive (the frequency of EBV positivity was correspondingly 40% and 60% in females and males) and this shows a 25.8% EBV frequency in DLBCL. IHC findings showed that six cases were EBV positive. The compatibility of positive IHC and PCR responses was two cases and there are four conflicting cases.
Conclusion: It seems that PCR is a more appropriate method for diagnosing EBV and IHC cannot solely prove the presence of EBV in DCBCL patients.
Amitis Ramezani; Arezoo Aghakhani; Mohammad Banifazl; Zahra Boland-Ghamat; Maryam Foroughi; Latif Gachkar; Akbar hadem-Sadegh; Minoo Mohraz
Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) type 1 and 2 are retroviruses that share the same routes of transmission as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a consequence of epidemiologic similarities, HIV and HTLV-1/2 co-infection is frequent. Due to the limited data, this ...
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Background and Objectives: Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) type 1 and 2 are retroviruses that share the same routes of transmission as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a consequence of epidemiologic similarities, HIV and HTLV-1/2 co-infection is frequent. Due to the limited data, this study assessed the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infections in HIV infected patients in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out in 180 HIV infected patients from Iranian HIV/AIDS Research Center in Tehran and 117 matched healthy controls. The serum samples were checked with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti HTLV-1/2.
Results: A total of 180 HIV positive patients with mean age 36.9±9.2 years and 117 matched controls were enrolled in the study. All cases and controls were negative for HTLV-1/2 infection.
Conclusion: HTLV-1/2 infection is negligible in HIV infected patients in Tehran, Iran, although intravenous drug use is the most common route of HIV transmission in our study subjects.
Fatemeh Homaei Shandiz; Mohammad-Reza Ghavam Nassiri; Fatemeh Varshoee Tabrizi; Mohammad Khagedaloee; Kamran Ghafarzadegan
Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2010, , Pages 9-13
Abstract
Background and Objective: Esophageal cancer especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common gastro intestinal malignancies in north part of Iran (Khorasan). The standard treatment for esophageal cancer is surgical resection, but its outcome remains poor. Then, the oncologists ...
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Background and Objective: Esophageal cancer especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common gastro intestinal malignancies in north part of Iran (Khorasan). The standard treatment for esophageal cancer is surgical resection, but its outcome remains poor. Then, the oncologists try to treat this cancer with sandwich protocols especially neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. Several studies have reported that over expression of Cyclin D1 is a negative prognostic factor and is correlated with poor response to chemo-radiotherapy and decrease of survival. For this reason we evaluated Cyclin D1 expression in patients with esophageal SCC and its effect on response rate to neo- adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy in north-east Iran. Materials and Methods: We analyzed Cyclin D1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 37 endoscopic biopsies of esophageal SCC from April 2004 to March 2005 in Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran and compared it with clinical and pathologic response rate to neo adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. Results: Cyclin D1 over expression was detected in 24 patients (64.9%). Nine patients with Cyclin D1 over expression had pathologic complete response (37.5%) as compared with 9 patients with negative cyclin D1 expression (69.2%) (P=0.09). Conclusion: Cyclin D1 is a useful tumor marker to select patients may not be suitable for neo- adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and it is better to refer them for surgery or definitive radiotherapy.
Zohreh Yousefi; Shohreh Saeed; Nourieh Sharifi; Maryam Bahreini
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2009, , Pages 9-12
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Presence of steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) in the tumor tissues of various organs correlates with response to therapy and prognosis. Since their role in ovarian cancer is still controversial, in this study we investigated the expression and prognostic ...
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Background and Objectives: Presence of steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) in the tumor tissues of various organs correlates with response to therapy and prognosis. Since their role in ovarian cancer is still controversial, in this study we investigated the expression and prognostic value of the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) in ovarian papillary serous carcinoma (PSC). Material and Methods: In this retrospective study we determined the expression of tissue receptors including tissue samples from 36 patients with stage III ovarian PSC by Immunohistochemistry method. Then ER and PR expression correlated with clinicopathological parameters and possible prognostic impact on ovarian PSC were investigated. Results: The correlation between age and survey of patients with ovarian PSC and expression of steroid receptor was not significant. Although correlation between severity of expression of PR and mortality rate was not meaningful, the relationship between severity of ER expression and mortality rate was significant (P=0.02) Conclusion: The determination of steroid receptor status may offer additional prognostic information in ovarian carcinoma (PSC).
Ali Eslamifar; Farrokh Tirgari; Rasool Hamkar; Amitis Ramezani; Hossein Frootan pishbigar; Shahrum Mirmomen; Azin Nahvigoo; Vahideh Shahnazi; Zahra Deljoodokht; Shifteh Vahidi; Arezoo Aghakhani
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2007, , Pages 11-16
Abstract
Background and Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the possible etiologic factors in development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study we aimed to study the role of HPV in ESCC.
Patients and Methods:In this study, 140 cases of ESCC were analyzed for the ...
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Background and Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the possible etiologic factors in development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study we aimed to study the role of HPV in ESCC.
Patients and Methods:In this study, 140 cases of ESCC were analyzed for the HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using GP5+/GP6+ primers for L1 open reading frame (ORF) to amplify a 150-bp segment of HPV L1 ORF. This region was subsequently sequenced to identify the type of HPV.
Results:A total of 140 patients enrolled in our study. In this respect, 50.7% of them were females and 49.3% were males, aged between 20 and 81 years old. In addition, 33 tumor specimens (23.6%) and 12 (8.6%) non-involved tumor margins were HPV positive. In HPV positive tumor cases, 36% were also positive in tumor margins. The HPV positive cases were 21.7% males and 25.3% females. There was no correlation between the presence and types of HPV with patients’ sex and age. The frequency of HPV subtypes in tumoral regions were as follow: HPV-16: 60.6%, HPV-18: 30.3%, HPV-33: 6.1%, and HPV-31: 3 %. We found only HPV-16 in tumor margins.
Conclusion:Our results support a causal association between HPV infection and ESCC which is consistent with HPV studies conducted in other high-risk areas.
Horieh Saderi; Mehri Habibi; Parviz Owlia; Mohammadreza Asadi Karam
Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2008, , Pages 11-14
Abstract
Background and Objective: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is an increasingly important clinical problem. A chromosomal gene, mecA, mediates resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and oxacillin in Staphylococcus aureus. We evaluated the validity of ...
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Background and Objective: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is an increasingly important clinical problem. A chromosomal gene, mecA, mediates resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and oxacillin in Staphylococcus aureus. We evaluated the validity of disk diffusion test by using oxacillin, methicillin and cefoxitin disks with consideration of the presence of mecA gene as the reference method for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: The susceptibility testing of 222 S. aureus clinical isolates to oxacillin (1 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg) and methicillin (5 µg) was carried out by the disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Detection of mecA gene was performed using PCR method. Results: An amplified mecA gene of 310 bp was detected in 55% of examined strains by PCR, thus 55% strains were considered MRSA. Sensitivity of oxacillin, methicillin and cefoxitin disks were determined 100%, 99.1% and 98.3% respectively. All MRSA strains in PCR had shown resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins by oxacillin disk, but two and one strains were sensitive by cefoxitin and methicillin disk respectively. Thus, oxacillin was the most appropriate disk for detecting MRSA. Conclusion: The prevalence of MRSA in this study is comparable to that found in United States, Canada, Europe and Iran, but the percentage of MRSA isolates is almost twice of percentage reported from Japan.
Farideh Dadkhah; Nahid Alishah
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2006, , Pages 13-16
Abstract
Objective: Since colposcopy biopsy test plays a significant role in the evaluation of cervix, especially in patients with an abnormal result of Pap smear test, therefore, this research study was conducted to compare the results of Pap smear and colposcopy directed punch biopsy tests at Firoozgar and ...
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Objective: Since colposcopy biopsy test plays a significant role in the evaluation of cervix, especially in patients with an abnormal result of Pap smear test, therefore, this research study was conducted to compare the results of Pap smear and colposcopy directed punch biopsy tests at Firoozgar and Akbarabady hospitals from 2001 to 2003. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 80 convenientlysampled women at different ages with an abnormal result of Pap smear test. In this respect, colposcopy directed biopsy was taken from suspicious areas of these patients. Results: A positive predictive value equal to 67.5% was found in patients with an abnormal result of Pap smear and colposcopy directed biopsy tests which confirmed the reliability of the study. Conclusion: These findings strongly suggest the necessity to obtain cervicovaginal smears from all sexually active women and for this purpose colposcopy directed biopsy is the best choice for evaluation of patients with an abnormal result of Pap smear test.
Breast Pathology
Maryam Kadivar; Fatemeh Aram
Abstract
Background & Objective:Ki-67 evaluation is an essential tool to define luminal A and B breast cancers, which is not yet systematized. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group suggests the counting of 500 or 1000 cancer cells, which is a time-consuming process. Therefore, novel methods, ...
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Background & Objective:Ki-67 evaluation is an essential tool to define luminal A and B breast cancers, which is not yet systematized. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group suggests the counting of 500 or 1000 cancer cells, which is a time-consuming process. Therefore, novel methods, such as the Eye-10 method and stepwise counting strategy, are proposed to facilitate measurement. Methods:Immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 was performed on 100 hormone-receptor-positive invasive ductal carcinoma specimens. Ki67LI was evaluated for each case, and then results were dichotomized by a cut-off point of 20%. Next, for each sample, an expert pathologist visually assessed percentages of Ki67-positive cells in 10% intervals at a glance (Eye-10 method). Finally, by using a dynamic process with rejection regions, Ki67 was defined so if the estimate belonged to the upper or lower rejection region, the Ki67 status had been determined and if the rejection region could not be reached after counting the maximum number of 400 tumor cells, the specimen was regarded as equivocal (stepwise counting strategy).Results:The comparison between Eye-10 and Ki67LI revealed almost perfect agreement (kappa coefficient =0.889), and the concordance between the stepwise counting strategy and Ki67LI was substantial (kappa coefficient =0.639).Conclusion:Both two methods left some results in the gray/intermediate zone, which is unavoidable. Both methods are much faster and simpler than evaluation of Ki67LI and are also reliable. Regarding the gray zone in both methods, further improvements in the methodology, as well as more analytical studies, are needed.
Fatemeh Nili; Reza Shahsiah; Farid Azmoudeh Ardalan; Mohsen Nassiri Toosi; Alireza Abdollahi
Volume 9, Issue 1 , January 2014, , Pages 17-22
Abstract
Background and Objectives: HBV DNA monitoring is important in management of chronic viral hepatitis B infection. HBV DNA measurements are carried out over period of months to years. So the analytical system must be stable and reproducible. The aim of this study was to determine the performance ...
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Background and Objectives: HBV DNA monitoring is important in management of chronic viral hepatitis B infection. HBV DNA measurements are carried out over period of months to years. So the analytical system must be stable and reproducible. The aim of this study was to determine the performance characteristics and to plan a statistical quality control system of a laboratory-developed real-time quantitative PCR assay for HBV DNA quantification. Methods: Values of systematic and random error at two clinical decision points;4.2 Log IU/mL (20000 IU/mL) and 3.2 Log IU/mL (2000 IU/mL) were determined. Candidate quality control procedures were selected and performance of the method by application of normalized operational process specification (OPSpecs) charts was determined. Results: The performance of the assay at level of 4.2 Log IU/mL and 3.2 Log IU/mL were excellent and good respectively. Moreover, a13.5S rule with two measurements offered 90% probability of error detection at level of 4.2 Log IU/mL, while no rule offered 90% probability of error detection at level of 3.2 Log IU/mL. Conclusion: Minimizing the formation of primer-dimer and nonspecific products and concentrating the target DNA during the purification process are proposed for accurate quantitative PCR particularly when CT values are high.
Sanjay Sengupta; Subrata Pal; Biplab Kr Biswas; Kingshuk Bose; Jyoti P Phukan; Anuradha Sinha
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Tubular adenomas are rare benign epithelial tumours of breast affecting predominantly females of child bearing age group. Till now, very small number of cases have been reported in the literature. Present study was carried out to evaluate the clinico-pathological features ...
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Background & Objectives: Tubular adenomas are rare benign epithelial tumours of breast affecting predominantly females of child bearing age group. Till now, very small number of cases have been reported in the literature. Present study was carried out to evaluate the clinico-pathological features of tubular adenoma cases diagnosed during three years study period along with discussion of possible differential diagnoses. Methods: Overall, 346 female breast biopsies were diagnosed as benign lesions in three years (2010-2012), of which 10 cases of tubular adenomas were identified. Available clinical, radiological and cytological data of these cases were analysed retrospectively in detail. Result: Tubular adenomas were identified from 16 to 48 years of age with a predilection to younger age group (60% within 30 years). Most of the tubular adenomas were small and circumscribed mimicking fibroadenoma in almost all the cases. Diagnosis of tubular adenoma in each case was possible only after histological examination. Pre-operative diagnosis of tubular adenoma was not established by cytological and radiological evaluation in any case. Conclusion: Tubular adenomas are clinically indistinguishable from other benign breast neoplasms and it should be considered as potential differential diagnosis during histopathological evaluation of breast biopsies.
Majid Sharbatdaran; Sepideh Siadati; Mahtab Zeinalzadeh; Shahriar Shafaei; Zahra Basirat; Amir Esmi
Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 17-20
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among women and human papilloma virus (HPV) plays a major role in its development. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HPV type 16 and 18 in cervical discharge by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method ...
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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among women and human papilloma virus (HPV) plays a major role in its development. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HPV type 16 and 18 in cervical discharge by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in women with atypical biopsy or papsmear.
Method: This case- control study was performed on women in Yahyanejad Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran during 2008-2009. Sixty women with normal papsmear (group1) and 30 women with atypical papsmear or biopsy (group 2) were enrolled in the study and their cervical discharge was assessed for HPV type 16 and 18. Data was analyzed with SPSS, Chi-Square, Fisher,s Exact test and t-test and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: HPV type 16 was founded in 10% women of group 2 but not seen in group1. HPV 18 was not detected. All women had one partner and none of them had alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: In comparison with other studies, the frequency of HPV infection is lower in our study. We considered this is strongly related to our culture and religious beliefs.
GI, Liver & Pancreas Pathology
Farid Kosari; Raika Jamali; Tayeb Ramim; Ebrahim Musavi Jahan Abad
Abstract
Background & Objective: The aim of this present study was to assess the relationship between serum zinc levels and liver histopathological findings in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients.Methods: This case-control study was performed in consecutively selected NASH patients who had been ...
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Background & Objective: The aim of this present study was to assess the relationship between serum zinc levels and liver histopathological findings in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients.Methods: This case-control study was performed in consecutively selected NASH patients who had been referred to a general hospital. The control group consisted of age and sex-matched individuals with normal physical examinations, laboratory findings, and liver ultrasounds. Serum zinc level was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Liver histopathological findings were determined based on non-alcoholic fatty liver activity score.Results: A cohort of eighty biopsy-proven NASH patients and eighty controls were enrolled in the study. The mean serum zinc level was significantly lower in the NASH group compared with the controls. The mean serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in moderate and severe lobular inflammation groups than the mild group. After multiple adjustments for potential contributing variables, serum zinc level was associated with the severity of lobular inflammation. Nonetheless, it was not associated with liver steatosis and fibrosis. A serum zinc value of 89 (µg/dl) yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 86%, respectively, characterizing patients with lobular inflammation of less than two inflammatory foci per high-power field (HPF) from more advanced groups. Furthermore, a value of 79.55 (µg/dl) yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 100%, respectively, distinguishing those with a lobular inflammation grade of less than four foci per HPF from more advanced cases. Conclusion: Serum zinc level might be associated with the severity of lobular inflammation in NASH.
Hematopathology
Bita Geramizadeh; Fatemeh Jalali
Abstract
Background: Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare benign tumor with no potential for metastasis; however, its aggressive nature causes treatment failure and episodes of recurrence. There is no report from Iran about the treatment of this tumor, and all published articles are single-case reports, therefore ...
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Background: Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare benign tumor with no potential for metastasis; however, its aggressive nature causes treatment failure and episodes of recurrence. There is no report from Iran about the treatment of this tumor, and all published articles are single-case reports, therefore in this study, we report our experience from two of the largest referral centers of the South of Iran. Methods: During five years (2007-2011), among more than 20000 surgical pathology specimens, 25 cases of fibromatosis were identified. Clinicopathologic findings were recorded for all of the cases, and follow up history according to the patients’ charts and direct contact by phone call were extracted. Results: There were 25 cases of fibromatosis, with female predominance, especially in the reproductive ages. All of the tumors had been located in the abdominal area, lower extremity, and head and neck area. Twenty-three cases had been operated for surgical excision. Fifteen cases had at least one episode of recurrence, mostly located in the abdominal area. No death or metastasis occurred. Conclusion: Clinicopathologic findings of desmoid tumor in Iran are very similar to other countries, however, there is still much controversy about the method of treatment for fibromatosis, and there are many challenges for patients, regarding multiple episodes of recurrence and the infiltrative aggressive nature of fibromatosis.
GI, Liver & Pancreas Pathology
Shruti Tadachina; Sheela Devi Shivalingaiah; Mahesh Shetty
Abstract
Background & Objective: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The interaction of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays an important role by inhibiting the immune mechanism by which cancer cells escape antitumor immunity. ...
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Background & Objective: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The interaction of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays an important role by inhibiting the immune mechanism by which cancer cells escape antitumor immunity. Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is a growing treatment modality in many cancers; one such is anti-PD1/PD-L1. The present study aimed to study the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of PD-L1 in CRC and evaluate the association of PD-L1 expression in CRC with various known clinicopathological parameters.Methods: It was a 2-year prospective study and included 34 colectomy specimens diagnosed as colorectal adenocarcinoma. The expression of PD-L1 was evaluated on tumor cells & tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and correlated with various clinicopathological parameters.Results: Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment in CRC revealed positivity in 17.65% of cases each. The PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was associated with lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) with P- values of 0.012 and 0.005, respectively, while PD-L1 expression on TIICs was associated with tumor budding with P-value 0.022.Conclusion: IHC expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and immune cells was associated with some known poor prognostic factors. Since anti-PD1/PD-L1 is used for targeted therapy, it may be beneficial and economically feasible to evaluate PD-L1 in CRC and establish its role as a prognostic factor.
Ankita Goel; Nandam Rao; Vissa Santhi; Syam Byna; Bhavana Grandhi; Jyothi Conjeevaram
Abstract
Background & Objective: The common epithelial ovarian tumors are classified into serous, mucinous, clear cell, endometrioid, the Brenner, mixed, and undifferentiated types. Cytoskeleton intermediate filament composition of ovarian tissues indicates that the cytokeratin and vimentin are observed in ...
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Background & Objective: The common epithelial ovarian tumors are classified into serous, mucinous, clear cell, endometrioid, the Brenner, mixed, and undifferentiated types. Cytoskeleton intermediate filament composition of ovarian tissues indicates that the cytokeratin and vimentin are observed in ovarian surface epithelium along with the common ovarian epithelial tumors. The current study aimed at investigating the cytokeratin and vimentin expression in epithelial ovarian tumors to establish a diagnostic relevance. Methods: Sixty-six common epithelial ovarian tumors were studied using anti-cytokeratins (Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human Cytokeratin Clones AE1/AE3; DAKO, Denmark,) and anti-vimentin (Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Vimentin, Clone V9; DAKO, Denmark,) to ascertain the intermediate filament profiles in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical pathology materials. Results: All ovarian epithelial tumors expressed cytokeratin in a uniform fashion. Vimentin was coexpressed with high intensity in 62.5% of serous carcinomas, mild intensity in 25% of mucinous adenocarcinoma, and moderate intensity in single case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Vimentin decoration in mucinous carcinoma had a focal involvement, whereas malignant endometrioid and serous decoration tended to involve larger areas. There was a significantly increased expression of vimentin in serous cystadenoma and serous carcinoma, compared with their mucinous counterparts. Also, vimentin expression and histologic grade of serous tumors showed a positive correlation. No association was found between vimentin expression and degree of differentiation in mucinous, endometrioid, and Brenner tumors. Conclusion: The current investigation emphasized the efficiency of immunohistochemistry (IHC) typing as a tool for a more precise characterization of the origin and differentiation of human neoplasms.
Molecular Pathology
Fatemeh Hoseini Tabatabaie; Seyed Younes Hosseini; Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi; Akbar Safaie; Jamal Sarvari
Abstract
Background & Objective: Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) is one of the most important proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that might be mutated in various related cancers. The purpose of this study was to compare EBNA1 mutations in the C-terminal region between patients with cervical ...
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Background & Objective: Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) is one of the most important proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that might be mutated in various related cancers. The purpose of this study was to compare EBNA1 mutations in the C-terminal region between patients with cervical and ovarian cancer and healthy individuals.Methods: As test and control groups, 18 EBV-positive paraffin-embedded samples of cervical and ovarian cancer and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers who did not have cancer but were EBV-positive were both used. Utilizing a commercial DNA extraction kit, total DNA was extracted following deparaffinization. The entire C-terminal region of the EBNA1 sequence was amplified using an in-house nested PCR. Phylogenetic analysis and Sanger sequencing were used to analyze the sequences using MEGA 7 software and through NJ method.Results: Sequence analysis revealed that the P-Ala subtype of EBNA1 was present in all samples. In two and one samples, respectively, of cervical cancer patients, the mutations A1887G and G1891A were found. The G1595T mutation was also detected in four sequences taken from ovarian cancer patients. No statistically significant difference could be found between the frequency of mutations in patients and controls (P>0.05). No known amino acid substitutions were found in the USP7-binding region and the DBD/DD domain.Conclusion: The findings showed that P-Ala is the predominant EBV subtype across all samples. Additionally, as the sequence of EBNA1's C-terminal region is so stable, it's possible that it had little impact on the pathogenesis of ovarian and cervical malignancies. It is advised to conduct additional research to verify these findings.
Rashid Gholami; Shirzad Gholami; Hamid Emadi-Kouchak; Alireza Abdollahi; Mona Shahriari
Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2016, , Pages 27-34
Abstract
Background: Cryptosporidiumis known as an opportunist disease-causing agent in man in recent decades. It causes diarrhea and intestinal disorders in the immune deficit and immune competent individuals. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients withcryptosporidiosisinfection. ...
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Background: Cryptosporidiumis known as an opportunist disease-causing agent in man in recent decades. It causes diarrhea and intestinal disorders in the immune deficit and immune competent individuals. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients withcryptosporidiosisinfection. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 53 HIV/AIDS patients referred to the Behavior Disease Consultation Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2013. First, the patients were studied clinically and the context data were recorded in a questionnaire for parasitological examination and referred to the laboratory for eosinophil count, and CD4 count per ml of blood. Results: Cryptosporidiosiswas observed in 4 (7.6%) of the total 53 HIV/AIDS patients. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in the age range of 30-39 yr.Itwas observed in different sexes as 5.7% of male and 1.9% of female, but statistically was insignificant (P=0.163).75% of patients had no intestinal symptom, 11.4% with acute diarrhea and 3.8% with chronic diarrhea. Cryptosporidiosis cases were observed in 5.7% of patients without intestinal symptom. Conclusion: Practitioners in the clinicalexamination for the detectionof the opportunistic intestinal protozoan infection should use clinical and paraclinical characteristics of the HIV/AIDS patients for the diagnostic of Cryptosporidium and other opportunistic parasitic diseases.
Breast Pathology
Armin Borhan; Zohreh Nozarian; Alireza Abdollahi; Reza Shahsiah; Hadiseh Mohammadpour; Arash Borhan
Abstract
Background & Objective: Nowadays, actin-binding proteins such as Villin and Gelsolin have been considered to be associated with aggressive tumors. This study mainly aims to determine the relationship between Gelsolin and Villin genes expression and metastasis of axillary lymph nodes in patients with ...
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Background & Objective: Nowadays, actin-binding proteins such as Villin and Gelsolin have been considered to be associated with aggressive tumors. This study mainly aims to determine the relationship between Gelsolin and Villin genes expression and metastasis of axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer.Methods: The included population consisted of 40 confirmed cases of female breast cancer (including 20 patients with breast cancer along with axillary lymph node metastasis and 20 patients without axillary lymph node metastasis). Expression of Villin and Gelsolin genes was evaluated using Real-time PCR and pre-designed primers.Results: The mean expression level of Villin in groups with and without axillary lymph node metastasis was 3.33±1.35 and 0.87±0.88, respectively (p <0.001). The mean Gelsolin expression levels in both groups (with and without axillary lymph node metastasis) were 4.13±2.40 and 1.00±0.35, respectively (p <0.001). The significant relationships were independent of individuals’ age.Conclusion: Patients with axillary lymph node metastasis may express significant higher level of Villin and Gelsolin gens.